Identification and prevention and control suggestions of heavy chemical industry risks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
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摘要: 从流域-行业-区域/城市多级角度，系统梳理了长江经济带布局性风险、局部突发事故型风险、污染排放累积风险、有毒有害污染物潜在慢性风险等长江经济带重化工风险问题。基于长江经济带典型区域重化工现状分析及风险分析，针对流域总体及各行业/区域特征，统筹制定重化工布局与风险防控方案，实现分类分区施策。提出了园区分级动态管理、现有与新建园区分类管理的流域重化工布局方案。此外形成了跨部门、区域协同防控，应对突发事故型环境风险；管理-技术协同发力，防范累积爆发风险；统筹流域与产业类型，开展潜在慢性风险防控的分类防控方案，以期为长江经济带典型区域、驻点城市提供可借鉴的重化工风险系统性解决方案与防控技术，助力长江经济带高质量绿色发展。Abstract: The heavy chemical industry risks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt were systematically analyzed from the multi-level perspectives of basin, industry, region and city, including layout risk, local sudden accident risk, the cumulative risk of pollution emission, and the potential chronic risk of toxic and harmful pollutants, etc. Based on the current situation analysis and risk assessment of heavy chemical industry in the typical regions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the heavy chemical industry layout and risk prevention and control schemes were formulated and the policies of classification and zoning implemented, according to the overall characteristics of the basin and various industries/regions. The schemes included hierarchical dynamic management and classified management of existing and new parks. In addition, some precise prevention and control options were also proposed, including implementing cross-department and regional collaborative prevention and control to deal with the environmental risks of sudden accidents, realizing management-technology synergy to prevent cumulative outbreak risk, and coordinating river basins and industry types to perform prevention and control for the potential chronic risks. The study could provide systematic solutions and control technologies for heavy chemical industry risks for typical regions and stationary cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, so as to promote high-quality green development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.
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图 1 长江经济带石化企业数量占比及产能分布
Figure 1. Proportion and capacity distribution of petrochemical enterprises in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 2 2017年长江经济带各省（市）工业污染排放量
Figure 2. Industrial pollution emissions of each province in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2017
图 3 2017年长江经济带各省（市）石化行业常规污染物与特征污染物排放量
Figure 3. Emissions of conventional pollutants and characteristic pollutants in petrochemical industry of each province in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 4 长江经济带各省（市）工业园区污水排放受纳水体的断面水质类型统计
Figure 4. Cross-section water quality types of sewage discharge receiving water bodies of industrial parks in 11 provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 5 2017年长江经济带有毒有害“三废”污染排放量占全国比例
Figure 5. Proportion of toxic and harmful "three wastes" emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2017
表 1 长江经济带各省（市）已认定化工园区数量
Table 1. Numbers of recognized chemical industrial parks in each province in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
家 省（市） 定位化工园区 定位化工集中区 培育/新建园区 四川 19 云南 5 重庆 8 贵州 6 1 湖北 51 湖南 10 江西 25 安徽 38 浙江 49 3 江苏 14 15 上海 3 
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表 2 2018年长江经济带各省（市）不同行业重化工企业分布情况
Table 2. Distribution of heavy chemical enterprises of different industries in provinces of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2018
家 省（市） 石化 钢铁 制药 有色 皮革 印染 造纸 农副食品 四川 940 210 471 198 134 306 276 1 208 云南 376 80 150 191 7 30 83 628 重庆 252 89 133 119 74 52 106 458 贵州 271 112 152 95 48 30 72 376 湖北 1 018 240 394 149 156 885 238 1 565 湖南 1 586 182 354 448 465 288 319 1 590 江西 1 026 96 371 613 301 605 174 556 安徽 1 058 133 480 219 329 678 224 1 608 浙江 2 210 564 430 744 1 611 4 609 933 670 江苏 4 141 759 681 943 530 4 188 544 1 453 上海 2 036 343 457 423 522 1 231 1 766 439 总计 14 914 2 808 4 073 4 142 4 177 12 902 4 735 10 551 注：本研究所指重化工泛指生产资料的生产，为生产过程中化学方法占主要地位的过程工业，主要包括炼油、石化、无机化工、印染、制药、精细化工、钢铁、有色等行业。
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表 3 长江经济带11省（市）工业举措落实成效
Table 3. Implementation effects of industrial measures in 11 provinces along the Yangtze River Economic Belt
工业举措 实施成效 省（市）数量 工程数量/投入 时段 优化产业结构布局，
淘汰落后产能淘汰落后和过剩产能涉及企业 11 1 746家 2018年 落实1 km无新建化工园区 11 “散乱污”涉水企业排查，取缔“十小”企业 11 2 486户 2017-12—2018-03 落实企业进园区，
规范工业园区规范管理建设污水收集管网 11 5.56万km 截至2019年年底 深入推进排污许可证制度 核发排污许可证 11 8 000余个 2017年至今 推进“三磷”综合整治 长江经济带2.4万km岸线及沿岸
2 km区域入河、入海排污口排查7 60 292个 2019年 排查整治长江“三磷”专项中存在问题的企业 7 172家 2019年 加强固体废物规范化管理 完善并推广应用全国固体废物管理信息系统，
初步形成全国固体废物管理“一张网”11万家 截至2018年年底 严格环境风险源头防控 摸清尾矿库底数 11 1 105座 截至目前
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表 4 四川省沿江12家工业园区各类风险贡献率
Table 4. Proportion of various risk contribution rate in 12 industrial parks along the Yangtze River in Sichuan Province
风险类型 贡献率/% 突发事故型风险 14.5 潜在慢性风险 29.4 累积风险 56.1
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表 5 湖北省武汉市主要突发性水环境风险源类别
Table 5. Categories of main emergent water environmental risk sources in Wuhan, Hubei Province
风险源类别 主要控制单元 重大环境风险 环境风险
企业府河朱家河口
长江杨泗港
长江白浒山生产事故引起超标排放；重大安全事故引发危险化学品、有毒有害物质泄漏；危险化学品和危险废物贮存、利用、处置不当，造成泄漏 港口码头 长江白浒山
长江杨泗港
汉江宗关重大安全事故引发危险化学品、有毒有害物质泄漏；危险化学品和危险废物贮存、装卸、处置不当，造成泄漏
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表 6 江苏省南京市某化工园区排水特征污染物超标排放统计
Table 6. Discharge statistics of characteristic pollutants exceeding standards in a chemical industrial park in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
企业
代号特征污染物 是否存在超标
特征污染物名称 浓度/(μg/L) 企业1 苯酚、甲醛、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、对二甲苯 甲醛，5 270；
其他，ND是 企业2 苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯 苯，12.5；甲苯，711；乙苯，3 897；对二甲苯，1 304；间二甲苯，2 917；邻二甲苯，1 934 是 注：ND表示在检出限以下。
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表 7 近年来长江经济带较大/重大环境事件统计
Table 7. Statistics of major environmental events in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in recent years
区域 2017年 2016年 2015年 2014年 重大 较大 重大 较大 较大 重大 较大 全国/起 1 6 3 5 5 3 16 长江经济带/起 1 3 2 3 4 2 9 占比/% 100 50 66 60 80 66 56
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