Evaluation of ecological carrying capacity in Yangtze River Delta: a case study of Suzhou City
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摘要:
基于生态弹性力、承载媒体的支撑力和承载对象的压力3个方面,选取气候条件、水文情况、地物覆被、资源供给、环境治理、社会发展、资源耗损、环境污染、人口压力和经济增长10个影响因素,构建了包含35项指标的长三角地区生态承载力指标体系,使用层次分析法(AHP)和主成分分析法(PCA)确定评价因子的主、客观权重,以苏州市为例,开展生态承载力评价和障碍因子分析。结果表明:苏州市2011—2018年的生态承载力指数总体趋势平稳,承载力水平处于中承载状态;生态弹性力子系统经历了弱稳定—高稳定—中稳定的演变过程,承载媒体的支撑力子系统经历了低支撑—中支撑—较强支撑—中支撑的演变过程,承载对象的压力子系统经历了较低压—中压—较高压的演变过程。结合苏州市生态承载力障碍因子分析发现,承载媒体的支撑力是苏州市生态承载力的主要影响层,因素层中主要障碍因子有水文情况、环境治理和环境污染,指标层中主要障碍因子有工业烟尘排放量、城区区域环境噪声、工业废水排放量和人均水资源量。研究成果客观反映了苏州市生态承载力状况,对苏州市可持续发展提出合理的对策和建议,可为长三角地区生态承载力研究提供一定借鉴。
Abstract:Based on three aspects of ecological elasticity, supporting capacity of carrying media and pressure of carrying objects, ten influencing factors were selected, including climate conditions, hydrological conditions, ground cover, resource supply, environmental governance, social development, resource consumption, environmental pollution, population pressure and economic growth, to construct an index system of ecological carrying capacity in the Yangtze River Delta. The index system included 35 indexes. The subjective and objective weights of the evaluation factors were determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and principal component analysis (PCA). Taking Suzhou City as an example, ecological carrying capacity evaluation and obstacle factor analysis were carried out. The results showed that the overall trend of the ecological carrying capacity index of Suzhou from 2011 to 2018 was stable, and the carrying capacity level was in a medium carrying state. The subsystem of ecological elasticity had experienced the evolution process of weak stability, high stability and medium stability; the supporting capacity subsystem of carrying media had the evolution process of low support, medium support, strong support and medium support; the pressure subsystem of the bearing object showed the evolution process of lower pressure, medium pressure and higher pressure. Combined with the analysis of the obstacle factor of the ecological carrying capacity of Suzhou, it was found that the supporting capacity of bearing media was the main influencing layer of the ecological carrying capacity of Suzhou. The main obstacle factors in the factor layer included hydrological conditions, environmental treatment and environmental pollution, while the main obstacle factors in the index layer included industrial smoke and dust emission, urban regional environmental noise value and industrial wastewater emission and per capita water resources. The research results objectively reflected the status of ecological carrying capacity of Suzhou. Finally, reasonable countermeasures and suggestions were put forward for the sustainable development of Suzhou, which could provide some reference for the study of ecological carrying capacity in the Yangtze River Delta.
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表 1 长三角地区生态承载力评价指标体系及权重
Table 1. Assessment index system and their weights of the ecological carrying capacity in the Yangtze River Delta
目标层 准则层 因素层 指标层 生态承
载力生态弹性力(0.095) 气候条件(0.212) 年平均降水量(D1) 年日照时数(D2) 水文情况(0.505) 地表水资源量(D3) 地下水资源量(D4) 地物覆被(0.283) 陆地森林覆盖率(D5) 承载媒体的支撑力(0.481) 资源供给(0.133) 人均水资源量(D6) 人均公园绿地面积(D7) 人均城市道路面积(D8) 环境治理(0.600) 地表水优于Ⅲ类水质的比例1)(D9) 空气质量优于二级及以上
天数的比例2)(D10)环境噪声达标区面积占建成区
总面积的比例(D11)生态环境状况指数(D12) 生活污水处理率(D13) 工业固体综合利用率(D14) 建成区绿化覆盖率(D15) 生活垃圾无害化处理量(D16) 环境污染治理投资总额
(D17)环保投资占GDP比例(D18) 社会发展(0.267) 城镇居民人均可支配收入
(D19)农村居民人均可支配收入
(D20)普通高等院校本专科毕业生人数
占总人口比例(D21)人均GDP(D22) 第三产业GDP占比(D23) 社会消费品零售额(D24) 承载对象的压力(0.424) 资源耗损(0.121) 工业原煤消耗量(D25) 全社会用水总量(D26) 全社会用电总量(D27) 环境污染(0.111) 工业废水排放量(D28) 工业烟尘排放量(D29) 工业固废排放量(D30) 城区区域环境噪声值(D31) 人口压力(0.567) 人口密度(D32) 人口自然增长率(D33) 经济增长(0.201) GDP年增长率(D34) 第二产业占GDP比例(D35) 注:括号中数字为权重。
1)GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》;2)GB 3095—2012
《环境空气质量标准》。表 2 生态承载力综合分级评价标准
Table 2. Comprehensive grading evaluation standard of the ecological carrying capacity
目标层与准则层
指数生态弹
性力承载媒体的
支撑力承载对象的
压力生态承
载力<0.2 弱稳定 弱支撑 高压 弱承载 0.2~0.4 低稳定 低支撑 较高压 低承载 0.4~0.6 中稳定 中支撑 中压 中承载 0.6~0.8 较稳定 较强支撑 较低压 较高承载 0.8~1 高稳定 强支撑 低压 高承载 表 3 苏州市生态承载力及子系统年度指数及承载状态
Table 3. Annual index and carrying status of ecological carrying capacity and subsystems in Suzhou
年份 生态弹性力 承载媒体的支撑力 承载对象的压力 生态承载力 指数 状态 指数 状态 指数 状态 指数 状态 2011 0.136 弱稳定 0.33 低支撑 0.709 较低压 0.472 中承载 2012 0.307 低稳定 0.371 低支撑 0.588 中压 0.457 中承载 2013 0.331 低稳定 0.502 中支撑 0.500 中压 0.485 中承载 2014 0.367 低稳定 0.547 中支撑 0.410 中压 0.472 中承载 2015 0.565 中稳定 0.553 中支撑 0.596 中压 0.572 中承载 2016 0.807 高稳定 0.709 较强支撑 0.416 中压 0.594 中承载 2017 0.285 低稳定 0.601 较强支撑 0.358 较高压 0.468 中承载 2018 0.504 中稳定 0.561 中支撑 0.469 中压 0.516 中承载 表 4 2011—2018年苏州市生态承载力指标层障碍因子障碍度变化
Table 4. Variation of obstacle degree of index layer of ecological carrying capacity in Suzhou in 2011-2018
年份 指标障碍度排序 第一 第二 第三 第四 第五 2011 D29(10.73) D28(10.36) D31(7.16) D18(6.48) D6(5.10) 2012 D29(10.36) D28(10.08) D11(6.16) D17(5.76) D6(5.56) 2013 D29(11.10) D28(9.85) D31(7.34) D6(7.09) D25(5.26) 2014 D29(12.26) D28(8.57) D11(7.52) D31(6.29) D6(5.27) 2015 D29(13.90) D8(11.13) D28(8.68) D17(6.68) D25(5.44) 2016 D30(15.79) D31(8.98) D25(7.25) D29(6.86) D14(6.63) 2017 D30(11.76) D31(8.80) D6(6.89) D7(5.80) D25(5.05) 2018 D30(12.71) D31(8.41) D18(7.89) D7(7.39) D17(5.87) 注:括号中数字为障碍度,%。 -
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