湘江源头某河段水体重金属污染特征与健康风险评价

陈用泷; 李思阳; 吴泽璇; 王艺霖; 赵子文; 黎京士; 骆其金; 谢刚

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210685

湘江源头某河段水体重金属污染特征与健康风险评价

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210685

陈用泷^{1, 2,},
李思阳²,
吴泽璇²,
王艺霖²,
赵子文²,
黎京士²,
骆其金²,
谢刚^1, ,

1.
兰州理工大学石油化工学院
2.
生态环境部华南环境科学研究所

基金项目: 长江生态环境保护修复联合研究项目（第一期）（PM-zx126-2019-324）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈用泷（1997—），男，硕士研究生，主要从事废水处理技术研究，1053544753@qq.com

通讯作者:
谢刚（1977—），男，副教授，博士，主要从事环境污染修复化学研究，xiegang@lut.cn

中图分类号: X522
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-14
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-02

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals of a certain river in headwater stream of Xiangjiang River

1.
School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology
2.
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment

摘要

摘要: 为探究湘江源头某河段水体重金属分布特征并探讨其对沿岸居民健康的影响，在丰水期、枯水期以及平水期对该河段13个地表水样品中的5种重金属（As、Cu、Pb、Zn、和Cd）进行监测，通过内梅罗综合污染指数法、健康风险评价模型评价了该河段水体中5种重金属的污染现状、分布特征和可能产生的健康风险。结果表明，该河段水体中重金属浓度表现为Zn>As>Pb>Cd>Cu，污染程度为平水期≈枯水期>丰水期，且上游≈中游>下游。内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果表明，该河段水体86.1%的采样点全年处于重度污染状态。健康风险评价结果表明，该河段地表水体中重金属引起的环境健康风险主要来自于As、Cd，二者浓度表现为上游>中游>下游，枯水期>平水期>丰水期，且儿童所面临的健康风险约为成人的2.1倍。
- 湘江源头 /
- 重金属 /
- 污染特征 /
- 健康风险
Abstract: To investigate the distribution characteristics of heavy metal elements in a river section in headwater stream of Xiangjiang River and assess their health risks to coastal residents, five heavy metal elements (As, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in 13 surface water samples of the river were collected and monitored at three periods (wet, dry and normal). The Nemero comprehensive pollution index method and the health risk assessment model were employed to study the pollution levels, distribution characteristics and potential health risks of these heavy metals. The results showed that the average metal concentrations in the surface water samples in the river followed the order of Zn > As > Pb > Cd > Cu. The pollution levels of these heavy metals were arranged as follows: normal period ≈ dry period > wet period, and upstream ≈ midstream > downstream. The results of Nemero comprehensive pollution index method showed that 86.1% of the sampling sites in the river were heavily polluted by heavy metals throughout the year. The result of health risk assessment indicated that the environmental health risks in the surface water in the study area were mainly caused by As and Cd. The health risk level of these heavy metals in study area followed the order of upstream > midstream > downstream and dry period > normal period > wet period. And the children were nearly 2.1 times more susceptible to health effects than adults.
- headwater stream of Xiangjiang River /
- heavy metalss /
- pollution characteristics /
- health risk

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图 1 采样点布置示意

Figure 1. Distribution of sampling sites

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图 2 研究河段水体重金属浓度空间分布

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrations in the study river section

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图 3 研究河段水体各采样点梅罗综合污染指数

Figure 3. Comprehensive pollution index of the studied river section

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表 1 水体重金属污染评价标准^[17]

Table 1. Evaluation criteria for heavy metal pollution

P_i	P_n	污染程度
≤1	≤0.7	安全
1~2	0.7~1.0	警戒
2~3	1.0~2.0	轻度污染
>3	>2.0	重度污染

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表 2 致癌物质的致癌系数和非致癌物质参考剂量

Table 2. Carcinogenic coefficient of carcinogens and reference dose of non-carcinogens

类别	元素	致癌系数/参考剂量
致癌	As	15
致癌	Cd	6.1
非致癌	Zn	0.3000
	Cu	0.0050
	Pb	0.0014
注：致癌系数计量单位为kg∙d/mg，参考剂量单位为mg/(kg∙d)。

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表 3 研究河段水体重金属监测结果统计

Table 3. Statistical analysis of heavy metal monitoring results in the study river section

重金属	水期	浓度/(mg/L)			标准差/(mg/L)	变异系数	标准值¹⁾/(mg/L)	超标采样点数/个	超标率/%
重金属	水期	最小值	最大值	均值	标准差/(mg/L)	变异系数	标准值¹⁾/(mg/L)	超标采样点数/个	超标率/%
Cu	丰水期	0.0005	0.05	0.005	0.01	2.68	1.00	0
	枯水期	0.001	0.27	0.04	0.08	2.20	1.00	0
	平水期	0.001	0.08	0.02	0.02	1.36	1.00	0
Zn	丰水期	0.03	15.30	1.92	3.99	2.08	1.00	4	31
	枯水期	0.04	40.83	5.62	11.90	2.12	1.00	5	50
	平水期	0.07	31.27	6.55	7.71	1.18	1.00	10	77
Pb	丰水期	0.0005	0.009	0.001	0.002	1.99	0.05	0
	枯水期	0.001	1.67	0.20	0.50	2.48	0.05	2	20
	平水期	0.001	0.13	0.03	0.04	1.23	0.05	2	15
As	丰水期	0.008	1.21	0.33	0.38	1.13	0.05	9	69
	枯水期	0.02	4.74	0.78	1.34	1.73	0.05	9	90
	平水期	0.02	1.62	0.44	0.48	1.09	0.05	12	92
Cd	丰水期	0.0005	0.04	0.003	0.01	2.89	0.005	1	8
	枯水期	0.0002	0.08	0.02	0.03	1.49	0.005	6	60
	平水期	0.001	0.08	0.02	0.02	0.91	0.005	11	85
1) GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准^[25]。

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表 4 研究河段水体重金属污染评价结果

Table 4. Evaluation results of heavy metals contamination in the study river section

河段	水期	单因子污染指数					内梅罗综合污染指数及评价结果
河段	水期	Cu	Zn	Pb	As	Cd	P_n	评价结果
上游	丰水期	0.013	4.983	0.055	1.828	1.988	4.705	重度污染
	枯水期	0.017	10.498	1.265	29.208	4.155	26.394	重度污染
	平水期	0.019	13.730	1.068	14.928	8.098	14.860	重度污染
中游	丰水期	0.001	0.717	0.010	11.313	0.100	8.187	重度污染
	枯水期	0.047	2.017	5.735	4.963	2.043	7.704	重度污染
	平水期	0.022	4.330	0.735	4.523	3.055	4.147	重度污染
下游	丰水期	0.002	0.267	0.010	3.613	0.100	2.617	重度污染
	枯水期	0.003	0.690	0.137	2.773	1.767	2.384	重度污染
	平水期	0.002	1.417	0.093	9.287	1.153	7.054	重度污染

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表 5 饮用水引起的致癌健康风险评价结果

Table 5. Results of health risk assessment of carcinogenesis caused by drinking water a⁻¹

水期	重金属	上游		中游		下游
水期	重金属	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
丰水期	As	2.88×10⁻⁴	6.49×10⁻⁴	1.78×10⁻³	4.02×10⁻³	5.69×10⁻⁴	1.28×10⁻³
	Cd	1.27×10⁻⁵	2.87×10⁻⁵	6.41×10⁻⁷	1.44×10⁻⁶	6.41×10⁻⁷	1.44×10⁻⁶
	致癌总风险	3.01×10⁻⁴	6.78×10⁻⁴	1.78×10⁻³	4.02×10⁻³	5.70×10⁻⁴	1.28×10⁻³
枯水期	As	4.12×10⁻³	6.61×10⁻³	1.17×10⁻³	2.64×10⁻³	4.37×10⁻⁴	9.85×10⁻⁴
	Cd	3.55×10⁻⁵	8.00×10⁻⁵	1.96×10⁻⁵	4.43×10⁻⁵	1.13×10⁻⁵	2.55×10⁻⁵
	致癌总风险	4.15×10⁻³	6.69×10⁻³	1.19×10⁻³	2.69×10⁻³	4.48×10⁻⁴	1.01×10⁻³
平水期	As	2.35×10⁻³	5.30×10⁻³	7.13×10⁻⁴	1.61×10⁻³	1.46×10⁻³	3.30×10⁻³
	Cd	5.19×10⁻⁵	1.17×10⁻⁴	1.96×10⁻⁵	4.41×10⁻⁵	7.40×10⁻⁶	1.67×10⁻⁵
	致癌总风险	2.40×10⁻³	5.42×10⁻³	7.33×10⁻⁴	1.65×10⁻³	1.47×10⁻³	3.31×10⁻³

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表 6 饮用水引起的非致癌健康风险评价结果

Table 6. Results of health risk assessment of non-carcinogen caused by drinking water a⁻¹

时期	重金属	上游		中游		下游
时期	重金属	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
丰水期	Cu	5.33×10⁻¹⁰	1.20×10⁻⁹	2.10×10⁻¹¹	4.73×10⁻¹¹	7.36×10⁻¹¹	4.73×10⁻¹¹
	Zn	3.49×10⁻⁹	7.86×10⁻⁹	5.00×10⁻¹⁰	1.13×10⁻⁹	1.86×10⁻¹⁰	4.18×10⁻¹⁰
	Pb	4.03×10⁻¹⁰	9.09×10⁻¹⁰	7.51×10⁻¹¹	1.69×10⁻¹⁰	7.51×10⁻¹¹	1.69×10⁻¹⁰
	非致癌总风险	4.43×10⁻⁹	9.97×10⁻⁹	5.96×10⁻¹⁰	1.34×10⁻⁹	3.34×10⁻¹⁰	6.35×10⁻¹⁰
枯水期	Cu	9.78×10⁻¹⁰	2.20×10⁻⁹	2.97×10⁻⁹	6.70×10⁻⁹	1.33×10⁻¹⁰	3.00×10⁻¹⁰
	Zn	9.80×10⁻⁹	2.21×10⁻⁸	2.12×10⁻⁹	4.78×10⁻⁹	4.83×10⁻¹⁰	1.09×10⁻⁹
	Pb	1.26×10⁻⁸	2.85×10⁻⁸	6.46×10⁻⁸	1.45×10⁻⁷	1.00×10⁻⁹	2.25×10⁻⁹
	非致癌总风险	2.34×10⁻⁸	5.28×10⁻⁸	6.97×10⁻⁸	1.57×10⁻⁷	1.62×10⁻⁹	3.64×10⁻⁹
平水期	Cu	8.18×10⁻¹⁰	1.84×10⁻⁹	9.30×10⁻¹⁰	2.09×10⁻⁹	3.05×10⁻¹⁰	6.88×10⁻¹⁰
	Zn	9.62×10⁻⁹	2.17×10⁻⁸	3.03×10⁻⁹	6.84×10⁻⁹	9.91×10⁻¹⁰	2.23×10⁻⁹
	Pb	8.01×10⁻⁹	1.81×10⁻⁸	5.52×10⁻⁹	1.24×10⁻⁸	6.93×10⁻¹⁰	1.56×10⁻⁹
	非致癌总风险	1.84×10⁻⁸	4.16×10⁻⁸	9.48×10⁻⁹	2.14×10⁻⁸	1.99×10⁻⁹	4.48×10⁻⁹

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