长江流域湖北片区典型城市水生态环境问题解析及整治对策

张妍妍; 王峥; 邱斌; 孙德智

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210699

长江流域湖北片区典型城市水生态环境问题解析及整治对策

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210699

张妍妍^{1, 2,},
王峥^{1, 2},
邱斌^{1, 2},
孙德智^{1, 2, ,}

1.
北京林业大学, 水体污染源控制技术北京市重点实验室
2.
北京林业大学, 污染水体源控与生态修复技术北京高校工程研究中心

基金项目: 国家长江生态环境保护修复联合研究项目（第一期）（2021-长江项目-001-W-004）

详细信息

作者简介:
张妍妍（1997—），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水体污染控制技术，yanyanzhang0924@163.com

通讯作者:
孙德智（1960—），男，教授，主要从事污染水体源控与生态修复研究，sundezhi@bjfu.edu.cn

中图分类号: X522
计量
- 文章访问数: 665
- HTML全文浏览量: 483
- PDF下载量: 114
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-15
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-21

Analysis of water eco-environmental problems and related countermeasures for typical cities in Hubei region of the Yangtze River Basin

ZHANG Yanyan^{1, 2
,},
WANG Zheng^{1, 2},
QIU Bin^{1, 2},
SUN Dezhi^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Source Control Technology, Beijing Forestry University
2.
Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-Remediation, Beijing Forestry University

摘要

摘要:
为了改善长江流域湖北片区城市水生态环境，从水环境、水资源、水生态和水安全4个方面解析了片区内城市水生态环境特征及问题，并对主要污染源的污染负荷进行分析和估算。结果表明，生活源是片区内城市的主要污染源，对片区化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的贡献率分别为68.75%、76.58%、75.82%和80.46%，片区内城市存在管网建设滞后，污水处理厂超负荷运行，工业磷化工、磷矿、磷石膏（“三磷”）污染问题突出，水资源供需矛盾显著，水体富营养化严重和水安全保障能力不足等问题。针对以上问题，结合片区内城市的实际情况，分别从以下几方面提出水生态环境综合整治对策：生活源治理需加大管网建设力度，对污水处理厂进行提质增效；工业源治理重点解决“三磷”问题；水资源方面，坚持以水定城、量水发展，构建节水型城市；水生态方面，加强河湖缓冲带建设，恢复生物多样性；水安全方面，加强风险管控，建立健全应急预警机制等。
- 长江流域湖北片区 /
- 城市水生态环境 /
- 问题解析 /
- 整治对策
Abstract:
In order to improve the urban water ecological environment in Hubei region of the Yangtze River Basin, the characteristics and problems of the urban water eco-environment in the region were investigated from the aspects of water environment, water resources, water ecology and water security. The discharge load of the main pollution sources were analyzed and estimated. The results showed that the domestic sewage was the main pollution source in the region, and COD, NH₃-N, TN and TP from the domestic wastewater accounted for 68.75%, 76.58%, 75.82% and 80.46%, respectively, of the total pollutant discharge from these cities. The main reasons for the urban water eco-environmental problems included the lagging of pipe network construction, overloaded operation of sewage treatment plants, prominent problems of industrial phosphorus chemical industry, phosphate rock and phosphogypsum (briefly called "three phosphorus"), significant contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, serious eutrophication of water bodies and insufficient water safety assurance capacity. In view of the above problems, combined with the actual situation of the cities in the region, the comprehensive improvement countermeasures for water eco-environment were put forward from various aspects. For living sources, the construction of pipe networks should be increased, and the quality and efficiency of sewage treatment plants be improved. For industrial sources, solving the "three phosphorus" problems should be focused on. For water resources, it should adhere to the principle of determining the city by water, developing by the amount of water, and building a water-saving city. In terms of water ecology, the construction of river and lake buffer zone and the biodiversity restoration should be strengthened. And for water security, risk control should be enhanced and emergency warning mechanisms should be established and improved.
- Hubei region of the Yangtze River Basin /
- urban water eco-environment /
- problem analysis /
- comprehensive countermeasures

HTML全文

图 1 研究区行政区划与水系

Figure 1. Administrative division and water system in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 2016—2020年研究区内河流和湖泊省控及以上断面水质类别

Figure 2. Water quality category of rivers and lakes under provincial control and above sections in the study area from 2016 to 2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 研究区内各城市3类污染源负荷占比

Figure 3. Load proportion of three types of pollution sources in each city in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 2020年研究区内各城市管网密度及污水处理厂运行负荷率

Figure 4. Density of pipe networks and operating load rate of sewage treatment plants in each city in the study area in 2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 2019年研究区内降水量及优于Ⅲ类水质断面数量占比

Figure 5. Precipitation and proportion of water quality sections superior to Class Ⅲ in the study area in 2019

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 2019年研究区内各城市人均水资源量

Figure 6. Per capita water resources of each city in the study area in 2019

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 2020年研究区内各城市人均日生活用水量及万元工业增加值用水量

Figure 7. Per capita domestic water consumption and water consumption per 10 000 yuan of industrial added value in the study area in 2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 研究区内城市3类污染源的污染物排放量

Table 1. Pollutant discharge of three types of urban pollution sources in the study area t/a　

污染源	COD	氨氮	TN	TP
生活源	235 058.14	28 100.27	47 783.81	4 624.55
工业源	48 143.05	5 713.54	9 713.54	501.08
面源	58 724.54	2 880.63	5 526.64	622.32
合计	341 925.73	36 694.44	63 023.99	5 747.95

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 2019年研究区内各城市工业废水排放量及主要行业类型

Table 2. Industrial wastewater discharge and main types of industries of each city in the study area in 2019 万t/a　

城市	工业废水排放量	主要行业类型
武汉	19 733	光电子、建材、汽车及机械装备
黄石	11 479	建材、有色金属、磷矿
襄阳	23 978	化工、汽车、医药
荆州	21 295	化工、汽车零件
宜昌	22 859	磷化工、食品生物医药
黄冈	18 372	化工、建筑建材
鄂州	6 847	钢材、服装
十堰	11 027	汽车机械、化工
孝感	10 179	汽车机电、盐磷化工
荆门	17 749	“三磷”企业、机械电子
咸宁	17 623	冶金建材、食品饮料
随州	6 758	汽车机械、农产品加工

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(24)

[1]	张海涛, 欧阳红兵.湖北省水生态文明建设现状及问题分析[J]. 环境与发展,2019,31(7):199-200. ZHANG H T, OUYANG H B. Analysis on the status quo and problems of water ecological civilization construction in Hubei Province[J]. Environment and Development,2019,31(7):199-200.
[2]	张晓京.长江经济带湖北段水生态建设的问题、成因与对策[J]. 湖北社会科学,2018(2):61-67. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-8477.2018.02.009
[3]	张中旺, 陈尧, 徐存刚.汉江生态经济带水环境保护问题及对策[J]. 人民珠江,2020,41(2):50-55. ZHANG Z W, CHEN Y, XU C G. Water environment pollution and its countermeasures in Hanjiang River Ecologic Economic Belt[J]. Pearl River,2020,41(2):50-55.
[4]	吴雪, 张英, 何佳, 等.滇池流域城市居民家庭生活污水特征研究[J]. 中国给水排水,2021,37(11):89-95. WU X, ZHANG Y, HE J, et al. Characteristics of urban residents domestic sewage in Dianchi Lake watershed[J]. China Water & Wastewater,2021,37(11):89-95.
[5]	吴伟勇, 许高金, 王旭航, 等.芜湖中心城区初期雨水径流面源污染特征研究[J]. 人民长江,2020,51(增刊1):27-29. WU W Y, XU G J, WANG X H, et al. Characteristics of urban non-point source pollution from initial rainwater runoff in downtown of Wuhu[J]. Yangtze River,2020,51(Suppl 1):27-29.
[6]	王渲. 城市降雨径流污染特征及预测模型研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学, 2018.
[7]	杨龙, 孙长虹, 齐珺, 等.城市径流污染负荷动态更新研究[J]. 环境与可持续发展,2014,39(3):135-137. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-288X.2014.03.042 YANG L, SUN C H, QI J, et al. Study on the dynamic update of urban surface runoff pollutants load[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development,2014,39(3):135-137. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-288X.2014.03.042
[8]	朱敏, 汪海涛, 吴咪娜, 等.倒水河武汉段水环境现状调查与保护对策[J]. 环境科学导刊,2020,39(3):11-14. ZHU M, WANG H T, WU M N, et al. Survey on the present status of water quality and protection countermeasures of Daoshui River in Wuhan[J]. Environmental Science Survey,2020,39(3):11-14.
[9]	湛德, 尹珩, 孙辰.通顺河武汉段水环境问题及污染防治对策研究[J]. 环境与发展,2019,31(6):32-33. ZHAN D, YIN H, SUN C. Water environment issues and pollution prevention strategies in Wuhan Reach of Tongshun River[J]. Environment and Development,2019,31(6):32-33.
[10]	靳方倩, 杜国锋.荆州市城区水环境综合整治研究[J]. 长江大学学报(自科版),2018,15(17):24-28,5. JIN F Q, DU G F. Research on comprehensive control of water environment in the urban area of Jingzhou City[J]. Journal of Yangtze University (Natural Science Edition),2018,15(17):24-28,5.
[11]	湖北省生态环境厅. 2020年湖北省生态环境状况公报[A]. 武汉: 湖北省生态环境厅, 2020.
[12]	赵蕾. 长江中游城市群工业废水排放时空格局演变及其减排潜力研究[D]. 南昌: 江西财经大学, 2020.
[13]	湖北省水利厅. 2019年湖北省水资源公报[A]. 武汉: 湖北省水利厅, 2019.
[14]	赵玉婷, 许亚宣, 李亚飞, 等.长江流域“三磷”污染问题与整治对策建议[J]. 环境影响评价,2020,42(6):1-5. ZHAO Y T, XU Y X, LI Y F, et al. The current problems and countermeasures of the “three phosphorus” in the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment,2020,42(6):1-5.
[15]	LIU W W, KUO Y M, ZHAO E M. Influence of the south-to-north water transfer and the Yangtze River mitigation projects on the water quality of Han River, China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2021,80(7):1-13.
[16]	徐灿, 赵潜宜.武汉市水环境治理实践与探索[J]. 长江技术经济,2021,5(1):20-24. XU C, ZHAO Q Y. Practice and exploration of urban water environment management in Wuhan[J]. Technology and Economy of Changjiang,2021,5(1):20-24.
[17]	陈安, 杨晓东, 余向勇, 等.宜昌市山水林田湖生态保护与修复研究[J]. 环境科学与管理,2018,43(5):125-128. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1212.2018.05.032 CHEN A, YANG X D, YU X Y, et al. Study on ecological conservation and restoration of life community of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland and lakes in Yichang City[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2018,43(5):125-128. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1212.2018.05.032
[18]	潘保柱, 刘心愿.长江流域水生态问题与修复述评[J]. 长江科学院院报,2021,38(3):1-8. doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.202007872021 PAN B Z, LIU X Y. A review of water ecology problems and restoration in the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2021,38(3):1-8. doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.202007872021
[19]	刘志文, 王一峰, 徐玲.武汉城市湖泊演化及防治对策探讨[J]. 水利水电快报,2021,42(2):36-39. LIU Z W, WANG Y F, XU L. Evolution and preventive countermeasures of urban lakes in Wuhan[J]. Express Water Resources & Hydropower Information,2021,42(2):36-39.
[20]	王孝程, 解鹏飞, 李晴, 等.长江口海域生态环境状况及保护对策[J]. 环境科学研究,2020,33(5):1197-1205. WANG X C, XIE P F, LI Q, et al. Ecological environment of the Yangtze estuary and protection countermeasures[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2020,33(5):1197-1205.
[21]	李海生, 王丽婧, 张泽乾, 等.长江生态环境协同治理的理论思考与实践[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2021,11(3):409-417. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210071 LI H S, WANG L J, ZHANG Z Q, et al. Theoretical thought and practice of eco-environment synergistic management in the Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2021,11(3):409-417. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210071
[22]	秦延文, 马迎群, 王丽婧, 等.长江流域总磷污染: 分布特征·来源解析·控制对策[J]. 环境科学研究,2018,31(1):9-14. QIN Y W, MA Y Q, WANG L J, et al. Pollution of the total phosphorus in the Yangtze River Basin: distribution characteristics, source and control strategy[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(1):9-14.
[23]	QUE S S, LUO H Y, WANG L, et al. Canonical correlation study on the relationship between shipping development and water environment of the Yangtze River[J]. Sustainability,2020,12(8):3279. doi: 10.3390/su12083279
[24]	张慧, 高吉喜, 乔亚军.长江经济带生态环境形势和问题及建议[J]. 环境与可持续发展,2019,44(5):28-32. ZHANG H, GAO J X, QIAO Y J. Current situation, problems and suggestions on ecology and environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development,2019,44(5):28-32. ◇