Analysis and countermeasures of typical urban water ecological environment problems in Hubei area of the Yangtze River Basin
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摘要:
为了改善长江流域湖北片区城市水生态环境,从水环境质量、水资源、水生态和水安全4个方面解析了片区内城市水生态环境的特征及问题,并对主要污染源的污染负荷进行分析和估算。结果表明,生活源是片区城市的主要污染源,对化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的贡献率分别占城市总排放负荷的68.75%、76.58%、75.82%和80.46%,且存在管网建设滞后,污水处理厂超负荷运行,工业磷化工、磷矿、磷石膏(“三磷”)问题突出,水资源供需矛盾显著,水体富营养化严重和水安全保障能力不够等问题。针对以上问题,结合片区城市的实际情况,分别从以下几方面提出水生态环境综合整治对策:生活源加大管网建设力度,污水处理厂提质增效;工业源重点解决“三磷”问题;水资源坚持以水定城、量水发展,构建节水型城市;水生态方面加强河湖缓冲带建设,恢复生物多样性;水安全方面加强风险管控,建立健全应急预警机制等。
Abstract:In order to improve the quality of the urban water eco-environment in Hubei area of the Yangtze River Basin, the characteristics and problems of the urban water eco-environment in this area was investigated from the aspects of water environment quality, water resources, water ecology and water security. The pollution load of main sources were analyzed and estimated. The results showed that the domestic sewage was the main pollution source in this region, and COD, NH3-N, TN and TP from the domestic sewage accounted for 68.75%, 76.58%, 75.82% and 80.46% of the total pollutants discharge from these cities, respectively. Several main problems of water eco-environmental protection were identified, including the lagging of pipe network construction, overloaded operation of sewage treatment plants, prominent problems of industrial phosphorus chemical industry, phosphate rock and phosphogypsum (i.e. "three phosphorus"), significant contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, serious water eutrophication and insufficient water safety guarantee capacity. In view of the above problems, combined with the actual situation of the cities in the area, the comprehensive improvement countermeasures of water ecological environment were put forward from the following aspects: for living sources, increasing the construction of pipe network, and improving the quality and efficiency of sewage treatment plants; for industrial sources, focusing on solving "three phosphorus" problems; for water resources, adhering to the principle of determining the city by water and developing by the amount of water, so as to build a water-saving city. In terms of water ecology, the construction of river and lake buffer zone should be strengthened and biodiversity be restored; in terms of water security, the risk control should be strengthened and the emergency warning mechanism be established and improved.
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表 1 片区内城市3类污染源污染物排放量
Table 1. Discharge of the three types of pollutants from the cities in this area
t/a 污染源 COD 氨氮 TN TP 生活源 235 058.14 28 100.27 47 783.81 4 624.55 工业源 48 143.05 5 713.54 9 713.54 501.08 面源 58 724.54 2 880.63 5 526.64 622.32 合计 341 925.73 36 694.44 63 023.99 5 747.95 表 2 2019年片区内各市工业废水排放量及主要行业类型
Table 2. Industrial wastewater discharge and main industry types of each city of this area in 2019
城市 工业废水排放量/(万t/a) 主要行业类型 武汉 19 733 光电子、建材、汽车及机械装备 黄石 11 479 建材、有色金属、磷矿 襄阳 23 978 化工、汽车、医药 荆州 21 295 化工、汽车零件 宜昌 22 859 磷化工、食品生物医药 黄冈 18 372 化工、建筑建材 鄂州 6 847 钢材、服装 十堰 11 027 汽车机械、化工 孝感 10 179 汽车机电、盐磷化工 荆门 17 749 “三磷”企业、机械电子 咸宁 17 623 冶金建材、食品饮料 随州 6 758 汽车机械、农产品加工 -
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