Analysis on current situation and model of resource utilization of rural sewage in China
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摘要:
近年来,符合农村实际、低成本成为农村生活污水治理技术的发展要求,因地制宜、就近就地资源化利用是农村生活污水治理的最佳选择,但由于前期标准缺失、治理体系不完善等原因,导致农村生活污水资源化利用仍是短板。深入分析了我国当前农村生活污水资源化利用率低的原因,指出农村生活污水最佳的资源化途径是回用于农业生产,并在多年研究成果及工程实践的基础上,有针对性地提出农村生活污水治理与农业生产相结合的4种资源化利用模式,即污染物削减与经济作物种植耦合模式、尾水灌溉模式、水质调控型按需排放模式、黑灰水分质资源化利用模式,并对每种模式的特点、适用范围及处理效果、建设投资、运行费用、占地面积等进行了详细分析。
Abstract:In recent years, fitting with the actual situation of rural areas and low cost are becoming the development requirements of rural sewage treatment technology. Adapting measures to local conditions and utilizing local resources are the best choice of rural sewage treatment. However, due to the lack of early standards and imperfect treatment system, resource utilization of rural sewage is still a weak point. The reasons for the low utilization rate of rural sewage were deeply analyzed, and it was pointed out that the best way to recycle rural sewage was to recycle it into agricultural production. Based on years of engineering practice and research results, four resource utilization modes in combination with rural sewage treatment and agricultural production were put forward. These four modes included pollutant reduction and cash crop planting coupling mode, tail water irrigation mode, water quality control type on-demand discharge mode, and black water and grey water graded resource utilization mode. Detailed analysis of the characteristics, application scope, treatment effect, construction investment, operation cost and occupation area of each mode were carried out.
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Key words:
- rural sewage /
- resource utilization mode /
- agricultural production /
- irrigation
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表 1 尾水灌溉模式技术对比
Table 1. Technical comparison of tail water irrigation mode
技术名称 分类 优点 不足 适用范围 造价 稳定塘 厌氧稳定塘、兼性稳定塘、好氧稳定塘、曝气稳定塘 结构简单,成本低,无能耗或低能耗,运行费用低,维护管理简单,没有污水回用需求时可作为处理水的暂存池使用 负荷低,占地面积大,处理效果受气候影响大,冬季易结冰 适用于生活污水浓度不高、资金短缺,且有坑塘、洼地、废弃水塘的地区 100~150元/m2 人工湿地 表面流人工湿地 投资少、操作费用低 负荷小、占地面积较大,冬季北方地区表面会结冰 既适用于以户为单元的就地生活污水处理,如庭院式小型湿地,也适用于土地资源丰富的集中处理 表流:150~400元/m2;潜流:200~600元/m2 水平潜流人工湿地 保温性较好、处理效果受气候影响小、卫生条件较好,目前研究和应用较多 相比表面流型人工湿地,建造费用高,管理也复杂 垂直潜流人工湿地 氧传递速率高,净化效果好,土地需求相对较小 易堵塞,基建费用偏高 沼气净化池 A型池、B型池、C型池。参考NY/T 2597—2014《生活污水净化沼气池标准图集》 在传统化粪池和沼气池的基础上改进而成,投资小,能耗低,产沼气、污泥量小,有不同的类型,可满足不同的出水要求 沼气利用不完全 适合分散居住的农户,一般与人工湿地相结合实现达标排放 300~3 000元/m3 土地渗滤技术 慢速渗滤、快速渗滤、地表渗滤、地下渗滤 处理效果较好,投资费用省,能耗低,运行费用低,维护管理简便 污染负荷低,占地面积大,易堵塞,易污染地下水 资金短缺、土地资源相对丰富的农村地区 100~400元/m2 表 2 农村生活污水资源化利用模式对比
Table 2. Comparison of different rural sewage resource utilization modes
模式名称 适用地区 核心技术 建设成本/(万元/t) 运行成本/(元/t) 占地面积/(m2/t) 污染物削减与经济作物种植耦合模式 运维费用短缺,有经济作物需求的地区 厌氧+跌水+经济型人工湿地 1 0.15 20 厌氧+经济型土壤净化床 ≤0.8 ≤0.2 10 尾水灌溉模式 有消纳土地,常年灌溉用水需求量较大的地区 厌氧+潜流人工湿地 0.65~0.85 0.05~0.15 10~30 沼气净化池+人工湿地 1.2~1.5 ≤0.15 5~8 水质调控型按
需排放模式灌溉季节有用水需求,非灌溉季节出水需要达标
排放的地区A/O一体化设备 2 0.3~0.5(灌溉季节0.20~0.35) 0.4~1.5 黑灰水分质资源化利用模式 采用源分离收集,有黑水、
灰水分类处理、资源化
利用条件的地区灰水:氧化塘、人工湿地、
土地渗滤技术
黑水:无害化处理+
资源化利用灰水:0.35~0.55
三格化粪池:0.25~0.45灰水:0.05~0.15
黑水:定期外运30~100元/次15~50 注:以10 t/d污水处理设施为例。 -
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