Study on the comprehensive improvement countermeasures and roadmap of water ecological environment in urban area of Southwest China
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摘要: 为提升我国西南地区城市水生态环境质量，以该地区47个城市（州）为研究对象，总结了城市水生态环境特征，解析了其存在的水生态环境问题。结果表明，该地区城市生活污水排放量大，10个城市生活污水排放负荷占比超过90%，近60%的城市排水基础设施落后于全国平均水平，工业源排放多集中在食品和化工行业，4—5月降雨径流污染较重；1/3的城市再生水利用率较低、工业耗水量大；受城市化进程的影响，地区城市水体富营养化问题突出，河湖水生生物多样性下降。基于上述问题，结合地区城市相关发展规划，提出了该地区城市近期（2021—2025年）、中期（2026—2030年）和远期（2031—2035年）3个阶段水生态环境质量提升目标，并给出城市水生态环境综合整治对策和路线图，即近期阶段以控源减排为主，中期阶段完成节水型城市的构建，远期阶段全面恢复城市水生态系统的结构和功能。Abstract: In order to improve the quality of the water ecological environment in urban area of Southwest China, the characteristics of the water ecological environment of 47 cities in Southwest China were summarized and the problems were identified and analyzed. It was shown that the discharge quantity of urban domestic wastewater from this region were large, with 10 that of cities accounting for more than 90 percent of the total domestic discharge load. Nearly 60 percent of urban drainage infrastructure lagged behind the national average. The industrial sources were concentrated in the food and chemical industries, and the heavy pollution from non-point sources appeared in April and May. One-third of the cities had low utilization rate of reclaimed water. Under the influence of urbanization process in the region, the eutrophication became a serious problem and the aquatic biodiversity of rivers and lakes decreased in urban waters. Based on these problems and combined with the relevant development plans of the cities, the urban water ecological environmental quality improvement objectives in the region were put forward in three terms, namely, the short term (2021-2025), the medium term (2026-2030) and the long term (2031-2035). The countermeasures and roadmap for the comprehensive improvement of urban water ecological environment were given. In the first term, the focuses should be on emission reduction and source pollution control. In the medium term, it should focus on building water-saving cities in an all-round way. In the long term, fully recovering the structure and function of urban aquatic ecosystem should be targeted.
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图 1 西南地区城市（州）及水系分布
注：底图来源于国家自然资源部标准地图服务系统。
Figure 1. Layout of cities and surface water systems in Southwest China
图 2 西南地区城市2016—2020年国控、省控断面水质情况
Figure 2. Water quality of national and provincial control sections of cities in Southwest China from 2016 to 2020
图 3 2019年西南地区城市（州）人均水资源量
Figure 3. Per-capita water resources of cities in southwestern cities in 2019
图 4 2020年西南地区城市建成区排水管网密度[15]
Figure 4. Density of drainpipe networks in urban built-up areas of cities in Southwest China in 2020
图 5 2020年西南地区城市污水处理厂运行负荷[15]
Figure 5. Operating load of wastewater treatment plants in cities in Southwest China in 2020
图 6 西南地区城市部分“三磷”企业分布情况[24]
Figure 6. Distribution of "Three phosphorus" industries in some cities in Southwest China
图 7 2019年西南地区城市（州）月平均降水量及优于Ⅲ类水质的断面占比变化
Figure 7. Variation of the monthly-averaged precipitation and the proportion of monitoring sections above level Ⅲ of cities in Southwest China in 2019
图 8 2019年西南地区城市（州）万元工业增加值用水量
Figure 8. Water consumption per unit industrial value added of cities in Southwest China in 2019
图 9 2020年西南地区城市再生水利用率[15]
Figure 9. Utilization rate of reclaimed water of some cities in Southwest China in 2020
图 10 西南地区城市水环境分阶段综合整治路线
Figure 10. Roadmap of comprehensive improvement of urban water ecological environment in Southwest China
表 1 2017年西南地区部分城市（州）生活源污染物排放负荷及占全市污染负荷比例
Table 1. Discharge quantity and proportion of domestic wastewater pollutants of some cities in Southwest China in 2017
城市（州） COD 氨氮 TN TP 负荷/
(t/a)占比/
%负荷/
(t/a)占比/
%负荷/
(t/a)占比/
%负荷/
(t/a)占比/
%重庆 36 700 66.73 4 400 85.18 16 500 87.49 800 80.45 成都 58 700 93.17 6 700 97.10 19 500 95.59 600 90.65 自贡 4 508 86.19 287 78.28 997 87.75 39 87.96 泸州 20 638 94.66 2 317 96.10 3 400 73.14 214 94.32 绵阳 12 385 87.49 1 826 96.96 3 364 94.36 320 94.76 广元 6 228 94.46 719 98.88 1 042 96.82 75 95.44 遂宁 9 214 85.67 1 034 92.17 1 564 82.08 128 88.99 内江 7 541 78.71 622 87.89 1 303 86.67 82 82.28 宜宾 11 233 54.37 1 266 83.36 1 847 78.75 186 82.18 广安 12 184 77.38 1 521 92.97 2 045 89.35 172 89.23 达州 19 500 83.04 2 481 97.84 3 643 95.87 246 92.45 雅安 7 114 91.47 654 96.41 1 116 94.38 73 72.99 巴中 6 378 92.54 617 98.11 987 97.11 45 91.04 资阳 2 221 55.76 367 84.89 586 80.22 27 61.71 阿坝州 3 761 94.41 489 99.03 614 97.28 56 98.66 凉山州 16 355 96.27 1 739 98.89 2 479 95.28 169 97.55 贵阳 14 122 95.17 2 664 98.37 6 335 98.10 235 96.88 六盘水 13 400 93.69 1 400 99.18 1 900 97.07 177 99.14 遵义 26 200 94.24 2 900 98.29 4 300 96.86 300 96.36 铜仁 8 900 91.93 1 100 98.27 1 400 97.30 151 96.97 昆明 11 709 79.77 3 161 96.11 5 524 91.05 152 68.76 曲靖 14 889 88.23 1 758 96.67 3 297 96.31 178 95.93 丽江 2 327 90.59 347 98.48 661 97.14 56 95.00 临沧 5 033 80.48 526 85.94 943 86.48 74 83.31 楚雄州 8 951 89.98 899 97.09 1 542 95.28 123 92.25 红河州 7 124 81.97 571 84.90 1 467 87.27 88 89.85 
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表 2 2017年西南地区部分城市（州）工业源污染物排放量
Table 2. Industrial wastewater discharge load in some cities in Southwest China in 2017
t/a 城市（州） COD 氨氮 TN TP 城市（州） COD 氨氮 TN TP 重庆 18 300 766 2 358 194 资阳 1 762 65 145 17 成都 4 300 200 900 62 阿坝州 222 5 17 1 自贡 722 79 139 5 凉山州 634 20 123 4 泸州 1 163 94 1 249 12 贵阳 716 44 123 7 绵阳 1 770 57 201 18 六盘水 902 12 57 1 广元 365 8 34 4 遵义 1 600 50 139 11 遂宁 1 542 88 341 16 铜仁 781 19 39 5 内江 2 039 86 201 18 昆明 2 969 128 543 69 宜宾 9 426 253 498 41 曲靖 1 986 60 126 8 广安 3 562 115 244 21 丽江 242 5 19 3 达州 3 983 55 157 20 临沧 1 220 86 147 15 雅安 663 24 66 27 楚雄州 997 27 77 11 巴中 514 12 29 4 红河州 1 567 101 214 10
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表 4 西南地区城市水生态环境综合整治目标
Table 4. Objectives of each term for the comprehensive improvement of urban water environment in Southwest China
类别 指标 2025年目标 2030年目标 2035年目标 水环境质量 受城市影响控制断面达到或优于Ⅲ类比例/% 90以上 95以上 99以上 城市水体劣Ⅴ类和黑臭水体比例/% 0 0 0 水资源 再生水利用率/% 20~25 30以上 40以上 建成区海绵城市建设面积占比/% 40 50 60 万元工业增加值用水量/m³ 32~38 27~33 22~31 城市河湖生态流量保障率/% 85 90 95 水生态 水生生物完整性指数 一般 好 好
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