Succession and driving factors of Lake Dianchi aquatic ecosystem in the past 60 years
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摘要:
滇池流域作为长江上游和我国西南地区生态安全屏障的重要组成部分,对保障区域乃至全国生态安全具有重要作用。采用文献调研、分类梳理等方法,并结合1950—2020年滇池水质变化和富营养化演化过程,系统分析了近60年滇池水生态系统中浮游植物、浮游动物、水生植物、底栖动物、鱼类等重要组成部分的演替过程及驱动因子。结果表明:1960s以前,滇池水体清澈见底,水生生物丰富,处于草型阶段;1970s—1990s,随着滇池富营养化程度加剧,水体理化性质的改变以及水生生物耐营养物种的数量增加,湖泊生态系统由草型阶段向草藻混合型阶段转变;2000—2015年,滇池水质进一步恶化,处于 GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类~劣Ⅴ类,水生生物从多优势种向单优势种、清水种向耐污种转变,处于藻型阶段;2016年之后,滇池水质虽逐步改善,但仍面临着严重的富营养化问题。滇池水生态系统演替的驱动因子主要是自然因素、流域污染物排放超出滇池环境容量及生态系统生境片段化。
Abstract:As an essential part of the ecological security barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and southwest China, Lake Dianchi plays a critical role in safeguarding national and regional environmental security. The succession process and driving factors of phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophytes, zoobenthos, fish and other essential compositions in Lake Dianchi aquatic ecosystem were systematically analyzed using literature research and classification, combined with the water quality change and eutrophication evolution process of Lake Dianchi in 1950-2020. The results showed that before the 1960s, Lake Dianchi maintained its natural form and belonged to the stage of the macrophyte type lake. Between the 1970s and 1990s, the situation of eutrophication, the physical and chemical properties of the water changed rapidly, and nutrient-tolerant species increased. It indicated that the lake regime shifted from a macrophyte type lake to a macrophyte-algal type lake. From 2000 to 2015, the water environment of Lake Dianchi seriously deteriorated. The water quality was between “Inferior” and “Class V” of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), and the water use function was basically lost, indicating that it belonged to the stage of an algal lake. Since 2016, although the water quality of Lake Dianchi had gradually improved, the eutrophication had remained at a high level. The driving factors of the aquatic ecosystem succession of Lake Dianchi were natural factors, pollutant discharge exceeding Lake Dianchi's environmental capacity, and ecosystem habitat fragmentation. The results could provide important reference values and theoretical support for decision-makers and stakeholders in managing similar shallow lake-water ecosystems.
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Key words:
- Lake Dianchi /
- aquatic ecosystem /
- succession /
- aquatic organism /
- driving factors
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表 1 1950—2020年滇池浮游植物群落演替
Table 1. Phytoplankton community succession of Lake Dianchi in 1950-2020
年份 门属种数量 丰度/(104 个/L) 优势种 指示种数/种 寡污水性 β-中污
水性α-中污
水性多污水性 1950s—1960s[7] 186种 0.649~
8.413单角盘星藻、鼓藻目、粗壮双菱藻、轮藻等 12 9 4 0 1956—1963[10] 7门100属186种 8.95 草海为鼓藻、绿球藻科、水网藻科、空星藻科等;外海为基枝藻、刚毛藻、游丝藻、针杆藻、菱形小环藻、粗壮双菱藻 50 57 28 4 1982—1983[11] 8门81属205种 草海为颗粒直链藻;外海为单角盘星藻、飞燕角甲藻、湖生卵囊藻、湖沼圆筛藻、美丽隐球藻、转板藻 37 52 34 5 1989[12] 草海:1 239.3
外海:2 381.9菱形小环藻、隐头舟形藻蓝色变种、近缘桥弯藻、高山桥弯藻、箱形桥弯藻、箱形桥弯藻驼背变种、新月形桥弯藻、缠结异极藻二叉变种、热带异极藻、单角盘星藻和短角角甲藻 19 30 18 1 1997—1998[6] 5门64种 19 700~74 500 微囊藻、水华束丝藻、颤藻、鱼腥藻、
铜绿微囊藻等2006—2007[8] 8门89属185种 外海:7 750 微囊藻、绿藻 17 30 20 6 2012—2013[6] 8门66属157种 18 450 微囊藻属、栅藻属、十字藻属 28 49 25 5 2015—2016[13] 6门49属84种 (1.65±3.57)×104 蓝藻、隐球藻、微囊藻、束丝藻、栅藻、直链藻 2019—2020[9] 8门68属 惠氏微囊藻、罗氏微囊藻、铜绿微囊藻 表 2 1957—2020年滇池浮游动物群落演替
Table 2. Zooplankton community succession of Lake Dianchi in 1957-2020
年份 科属种数量 丰度/(个/L) 优势种 1957[14] 2 980~3 185 原生动物 1982—1983[16] 130种 19 302 草海为小口钟虫、王氏似铃壳虫、粤花臂尾轮虫、裸腹溞、广布中剑水蚤和右突新镖水蚤;外海为浮游累枝虫、脾脱虫、螺形龟甲轮虫、针簇多肢轮虫、长额象鼻溞、透明溞、广布中剑水蚤和右突新镖水蚤 1994[17] 37科52属 31 038 累枝虫属、单核太阳虫属、柿毛虫属、三肢轮虫属、聚花轮虫属、龟甲轮虫属、晶囊轮虫属、象鼻、溞属、秀体溞屑、低额溞盖属、盘肠溞属、晶莹仙达溞、真剑、水蚤属、温剑水蚤属、中镖水蚤属和荡镖水蚤属 2009—2010[18] 34科54属78种 543~3 658,
平均值为1 797钟虫属、太阳虫属、龟甲、臂尾、单趾、多肢属、溞属、象鼻溞、
盘肠溞属、桡足类幼体2013[19] 31种 春季为1 130;夏季为1 932 钟虫、螺形龟甲轮虫、英勇剑水蚤 2019—2020[9] 40属40种 锥虫、水蚤、独眼水蚤、萼花臂尾轮虫 表 3 1950—2020年滇池水生植物群落演替
Table 3. Macrophyte community succession of Lake Dianchi in 1950-2020
年份 科属种数量 覆盖度/% 分布区域 优势种 1950s—1960s[20] 28科45种 90 全湖 海菜花(1960s以前)、竹叶眼子菜、苦草、
菹草、穗状狐尾藻、篦齿眼子菜1970s[20] 22科32种 20 部分水域 1980s[22] 12科13属15种 12.6 全湖 篦齿眼子菜、龙须眼子菜、穗状狐尾藻、菹草、凤眼莲、菰 1986[23] 20科33属46种 13 南部水域 穗状狐尾藻、凤眼莲 1990[24] 沉水植物9种 100 晖湾 穗状孤尾藻、蓖齿眼子菜 1995—1997[25] 12科18属22种 草海>60;外海为1 全湖 凤眼莲、喜旱莲子草、龙须眼子菜、穗状狐尾藻 2001[26] 16科27种 1.4 南部水域 蓖齿眼子菜 2016[27] 沉水植物9种 10 近岸3 m以内水域 蓖齿眼子菜、轮叶黑藻、穗状狐尾藻、竹叶眼子菜、微齿眼子菜 2019—2020[9] 111科248属303种 全湖 蓖齿眼子菜、轮叶黑藻、穗状狐尾藻、竹叶眼子菜等 表 4 1950—2014年滇池底栖动物群落演替
Table 4. Zoobenthos community succession of Lake Dianchi in 1950-2014
年份 科属种数量 丰度/(个/L) 优势种 1950—1960s [28] 螺蛳属6种,其他螺类10种 腹足类和双壳类软体动物、方格短沟蜷、云南萝卜螺 1980s[28] 57种 尾鳃蚓、水丝蚓、羽摇蚊幼虫 1992—1995[28] 尾鳃蚓、前突摇蚊幼虫、羽摇蚊幼虫 2000[29] 15科40种 11 089.78 苏氏尾鳃蚓、羽摇蚊幼虫 2000—2001[30] 27科68种 7 198.11 摇蚊幼虫、水蚯蚓 2001—2002[31] 5科9属13种 5 010 121 摇蚊幼虫、水蚯蚓 2006—2010[28] 羽摇蚊幼虫、尾鳃蚓、水丝蚓、颤蚓 2008—2009[32] 7科8属 16~21 296 水丝蚓属 2009—2010[33] 9科26属 696 甫水丝蚓、正颤蚓、羽摇蚊 2012—2013[34] 13科15属 0~18 752 尾鳃蚓属 2013—2014[35] 11种 145 羽摇蚊、霍普水丝蚓、细长摇蚊 表 5 1950—2020年滇池鱼类种类组成演替
Table 5. Change of fish species composition of Lake Dianchi in 1950-2020
表 6 长江流域湖泊水生态系统特征比较
Table 6. Comparison of the aquatic ecosystem characteristics among lakes in the Yangtze River basin
湖泊
系统平均
转移效率/%总初级生产量/
总呼吸量总初级生产量/
总生物量系统连接
指数系统杂食
指数Finn循环
指数/%Finn平均
路径长度太湖(2008—2009年)[51] 4.1 4.215 0.188 0.041 18.30 3.324 洪泽湖(2010年)[52] 6.43 1.138 6.992 0.195 0.089 6.77 2.849 滇池(2009—2010年)[53] 4.9 1.665 61.812 0.194 0.061 39.98 5.536 巢湖(2007—2010年)[54] 6.9 13.530 137.920 0.200 0.092 3.32 2.270 隔湖(2010年)[55] 6.4 2.189 3.509 0.219 0.189 7.99 2.841 表 7 1988—2020 年滇池流域污染负荷产生量和入湖量变化趋势
Table 7. The pollution load generation and discharge from Lake Dianchi watershed in 1988-2020
年份 污染源类型 产生量/(t/a) 入湖量/(t/a) CODCr NH3-N TN TP CODCr NH3-N TN TP 1988[57] 4 700 456 1993[57] 21 000 5 972 694 2000[57] 41 950 10 850 1 320 2005[58] 点源 55 398 11 215 1 005 面源 22 475 3 060 482 合计 77 873 14 275 1 487 38 031 9 810 851 2014[59] 点源 15 427 5 267 353 面源 20 469 1 602 258 合计 101 578 16 448 1 760 35 896 6 869 611 2015[60] 点源 117 597 12 724 18 228 1 660 14 687 4 333 5 199 340 面源 56 295 2 554 5 467 1 141 23 947 730 1 884 255 水土流失 1 041 142 238 19 1 041 142 238 19 合计 174 933 15 420 23 933 2 820 39 676 5 205 7 321 614 2017[61] 181 500 16 200 26 900 3 300 30 100 3 500 4 700 450 2019[49] 点源 9 005 589 2 623 192 面源 16 337 619 1 058 187 水土流失 0 0 24 11 合计 25 343 1 208 3 704 391 2020[62] 点源 9 782 610 3 092 204 面源 14 241 316 700 86 水土流失 0 0 21 10 合计 184 832 14 611 26 019 2 634 24 023 926 3 813 300 -
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