华北典型丘陵地区地下水水质特征及污染成因分析

韩雪萌; 蔡文倩; 王军强; 李慧颖; 徐香勤; 田胜艳

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220624

华北典型丘陵地区地下水水质特征及污染成因分析—以河南省安阳市龙安区为例

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220624

韩雪萌^{1, 2,},
蔡文倩^{1, 2, ,},
王军强²,
李慧颖²,
徐香勤³,
田胜艳¹

1.
天津科技大学海洋与环境学院
2.
生态环境部土壤与农业农村生态环境监管技术中心
3.
中国环境科学研究院水生态环境研究所

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFC1407603）

详细信息

作者简介:
韩雪萌（1996—），女，硕士研究生，主要从事地下水环境研究，hxm12135@163.com

通讯作者:
蔡文倩（1986—），女，副研究员，主要从事水环境污染防治技术研究，caiwenqian@tcare-mee.cn

中图分类号: X523
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-06-15

Groundwater quality characteristics and pollution causes in typical hilly areas of North China: the case of Longan District, Anyang City, Henan Province

1.
College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology
2.
Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment
3.
Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
为探明华北典型丘陵地区——安阳市龙安区的地下水水质状况，共检测了龙安区内127个监测井的24项水质指标，开展区域地下水水质特征及污染成因研究；在水化学统计和水质评价的基础上，应用反距离权重空间插值法对污染物进行空间分布特征解析，并通过主成分分析法识别污染源。结果表明：龙安区浅层地下水化学类型多为HCO₃-Ca型，区域内93.0%的地下水样品中NO₃ ⁻浓度超过GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准限值，最大超标倍数为47.1倍。单因子污染指数评价结果显示，研究区地下水样品中NO₃ ⁻污染指数最大值为48.10，其中27%的样品处于较重污染状态，19%处于严重至极重污染状态；SO₄ ²⁻处于中度污染状态，Cl⁻、NH₄ ⁺、F⁻处于轻度污染状态。内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果显示，研究区地下水综合污染指数为0.01~34.69，地下水水质整体处于良好水平，但有4%的样品处于极差状态，主要分布于研究区中部。NO₃ ⁻、NH₄ ⁺、SO₄ ²⁻、Cl⁻浓度高值区主要分布于区域中部，且呈现中部高、东西低的分布特征；F⁻浓度高值区分布于地下水滞留区，且呈现西低东高的分布特征。污染成因分析结果表明，研究区地下水水质状况主要受区域水文地质条件、地下水地球化学特征和农业面源污染影响。
- 地下水 /
- 水质特征 /
- 污染成因 /
- 安阳市龙安区 /
- 华北丘陵地区
Abstract:
In order to ascertain the groundwater quality in Longan District, Anyang City, a typical hilly area in North China, the data of 24 water quality indicators from 127 monitored well samples were obtained, and the groundwater quality characteristics and pollution causes were analyzed. On the basis of hydrochemical statistics and water quality evaluation, the inverse distance weighting (IDW) spatial interpolation method was used to analyze the spatial distribution of different pollutants, and the principal component analysis was used to identify pollution sources. The results showed that HCO₃-Ca type was the typical chemical type of shallow groundwater in Longan District. The NO₃ ⁻ concentration at 93.0% of samples exceeded the class Ⅲ standard defined in Standard for Groundwater Quantity (GB/T 14848-2017), whose maximum exceeding multiples was 47.1. The single factor evaluation showed that the NO₃ ⁻ pollution index of groundwater monitoring well samples in Longan District reached a maximum value of 48.10, among which 27% were heavy pollution level, and 19% were serious to extremely heavy pollution levels. The concentration of SO₄ ²⁻ reached moderate pollution level, while Cl⁻, NH₄ ⁺, and F⁻ reached mild pollution level. Nemero comprehensive evaluation results showed that the comprehensive groundwater pollution index was between 0.01 and 34.69, and the groundwater quality was generally at good condition. Among them, 4% of the monitored well samples were at extremely poor pollution level, which were mainly distributed in the middle of Longan District. The highest concentrations of NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, Cl⁻ were mainly located in the middle, presenting the spatial distribution characteristics of higher concentration in the middle than that in the east and west. The concentration of F⁻ was higher in the east and lower in the west, and the highest was mainly distributed in the groundwater retention area. Source analysis showed that the groundwater quality was mainly affected by regional geohydrologic conditions, groundwater geochemical characteristics, and agricultural non-point source pollution.
- groundwater /
- water quality characteristics /
- pollution causes /
- Longan District of Anyang City /
- North China hilly area

HTML全文

图 1 龙安区水文地质单元划分及采样点分布

Figure 1. Hydrogeological units and sampling points of groundwater in Longan District

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图 2 浅层地下水Piper三线图

Figure 2. Piper trilinear chart of shallow groundwater

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图 3 地下水单因子污染指数法评价结果

Figure 3. Evaluation result of groundwater single factor pollution index method

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图 4 研究区地下水主要污染指标空间分布

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of major indicators of groundwater quality in the study area

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图 5 主成分分析载荷

Figure 5. Load diagram of principal component analysis

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图 6 研究区地下水中各指标的相关矩阵

Figure 6. Correlation matrix of indexes from groundwater

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图 7 不同水文地质单元地下水F⁻浓度差异性

I—为东北部松散岩类孔隙水；Ⅱ₁—东南部碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水；Ⅱ₂—中部北侧碎屑岩类裂隙水；Ⅲ₁—西部裸露型碳酸岩类裂隙岩溶水；Ⅲ₂—西部覆盖型碳酸岩类裂隙岩溶水。注：字母相同表示不存在显著差异性（P>0.05）。

Figure 7. Difference of groundwater F⁻ concentration in different hydrogeological subregions

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表 1 单因子污染指数法分级标准

Table 1. Classification standard of single factor pollution index method

P_ki	污染等级	污染程度
≤0	Ⅰ	未污染
0~1	Ⅱ	轻度污染
1~3	Ⅲ	中度污染
3~6	Ⅳ	较重污染
6~10	Ⅴ	严重污染
>10	Ⅵ	极重污染

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表 2 内梅罗综合污染指数法分级标准

Table 2. Classification criteria for Nemerow composite pollution index method

F	污染等级	污染程度
≤0.80	Ⅰ	优良
0.80~2.50	Ⅱ	良好
2.50~4.25	Ⅲ	较好
4.25~7.20	Ⅳ	较差
>7.20	Ⅴ	极差

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表 3 研究区地下水常规指标统计特征

Table 3. Statistical characteristics of groundwater conventional indicators in the study area

水质指标	最小值	中值	最大值	平均值	标准差	变异系数/%	GB/T 14848—2017中 Ⅲ类标准限值	超标率/%
pH	6.66	7.36	8.33	7.36	0.32	—	—	—
EC/(μS/cm)	344	888	2208	928	294	32.0	—	—
DO/(mg/L)	1.09	8.45	30.20	9.93	6.09	61.0	—	—
ORP/mV	−217.6	96.0	544.0	117.2	128.1	109.0	—	—
温度/℃	15.8	20.3	29.0	21.1	3.2	15.0	—	—
总硬度/(mg/L)	252.80	507.06	2776.62	573.80	340.07	59.3	450	68.4
TDS/(mg/L)	314.94	637.99	4170.93	765.02	527.57	69.0	1000	14.0
F⁻/(mg/L)	ND	0.32	2.60	0.37	0.35	93.7	1	0.8
NH₄ ⁺/(mg/L)	ND	0.12	2.78	0.18	0.29	163.8	0.5	0.8
NO₃ ⁻/(mg/L)	8.4	54.2	962	93.8	136.3	145.4	20	93.0
SO₄ ²⁻/(mg/L)	17.97	118.78	1191.70	154.46	163.89	106.1	250	14.0
HCO₃ ⁻/(mg/L)	178.67	360.32	559.74	353.75	76.53	21.6	—	—
K⁺/(mg/L)	0.36	0.73	10.23	1.47	2.04	138.7	—	—
Na⁺/(mg/L)	9.50	28.12	186.65	38.20	30.52	79.9	200	0.0
Ca²⁺/(mg/L)	70.94	159.42	847.43	177.88	108.15	60.8	—	—
Mg²⁺/(mg/L)	10.76	27.81	160.52	31.49	19.10	60.6	—	—
Cl⁻/(mg/L)	21.06	71.68	623.39	92.51	86.36	93.3	250	3.5
Cu/(mg/L)	ND	0.3×10⁻²	0.8×10⁻²	0.3×10⁻²	0.1×10⁻²	44.1	1	0.0
Hg/(mg/L)	ND	0.5×10⁻⁴	0.9×10⁻⁴	0.5×10⁻⁴	0.1×10⁻⁴	24.2	0.001	0.0
注：ND表示未检出；—表示不存在。

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表 4 主成分分析主要计算结果

Table 4. Main calculation results of principal component analysis

项目		F₁	F₂	F₃
特征值		7.185	1.197	1.049
贡献率/%		59.875	9.973	8.743
累积贡献率/%		59.875	69.848	78.591
载荷	总硬度	0.987	0.073	0.038
	TDS	0.994	0.032	0.063
	F⁻	0.062	0.728	−0.027
	NH₄ ⁺	−0.015	−0.020	0.929
	NO₃ ⁻	−0.200	−0.060	0.861
	SO₄ ²⁻	0.951	0.022	0.196
	Cl⁻	0.959	−0.071	−0.057
	HCO₃ ⁻	0.240	0.469	0.295
	K⁺	0.195	−0.623	0.080
	Na⁺	0.846	−0.028	0.250
	Ca²⁺	0.971	0.083	0.050
	Mg²⁺	0.934	0.030	−0.008
注：加粗数字表示污染指标在此主成分有较大的载荷（>0. 70）。

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