乾务水库表层沉积物氮磷和重金属时空分布特征与生态风险评价

王恩瑞; 杨光; 昌盛; 张坤锋; 樊月婷; 王山军; 付青

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220636

乾务水库表层沉积物氮磷和重金属时空分布特征与生态风险评价

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220636

王恩瑞^1,,
杨光^1, ,,
昌盛¹,
张坤锋^{1, 2},
樊月婷¹,
王山军¹,
付青^1, ,

1.
国家环境保护饮用水水源地保护重点实验室, 环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室, 湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室, 中国环境科学研究院
2.
东北林业大学林学院

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFC3200804-02）；饮用水水源及重大工程项目区环境监管项目（2110302）

详细信息

作者简介:
王恩瑞（1990—），女，工程师，硕士，主要从事饮用水水源地环境监测与风险评价，244864031@qq.com

通讯作者:
杨光（1989—），男，工程师，硕士，主要从事饮用水水源地安全保障研究，yangguang@craes.org.cn

付青（1970—），女，研究员，博士，主要从事饮用水水源地保护与管理、流域水环境规划及保护区划分技术研究，fuqing@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X52
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-06-21
- 录用日期: 2022-10-13
- 修回日期: 2022-08-16

Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals in the surface sediments of Qianwu Reservoir

WANG Enrui^1
,,
YANG Guang^{1
, ,},
CHANG Sheng¹,
ZHANG Kunfeng^{1, 2},
FAN Yueting¹,
WANG Shanjun¹,
FU Qing^{1
, ,}

1.
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University

摘要

摘要:
为了解乾务水库表层沉积物中的环境质量状况，于2019年丰、枯两季（8月和10月）对库区6个采样点的氮磷营养元素和8项重金属进行了监测，采用综合污染指数法、地累积指数法及潜在生态风险指数法开展生态风险评估和溯源分析。结果表明：乾务水库表层沉积物中TN和TP浓度在丰、枯水期的平均值分别为2 010和433、1 873和308 mg/kg，且总体呈现库中高、南北两端低的时空分布特征。综合污染指数评价结果表明，乾务水库整体TN为重度污染，TP为轻度污染。乾务水库表层沉积物中Hg、As、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均浓度分别为0.22、10.64、30.97、293.25、17.51、21.01、102.65和55.32 mg/kg。时空分布方面，除Mn和Zn外，其他重金属在丰水期污染相对枯水期较重；受水库地形和季节性调水影响，除Mn和Pb外，其他重金属浓度水平在丰水期均表现出库首至库中区域（Q3和Q4采样点）为高值区，库中至库尾区域（Q2和Q3）在枯水期则为高值区。地累积指数法及潜在生态风险指数法评价结果均表明，Hg为主要的生态风险贡献因子，贡献率达75.8 %，库区综合潜在生态风险等级总体为中风险。
- 乾务水库 /
- 表层沉积物 /
- 氮磷 /
- 重金属 /
- 生态风险
Abstract:
To understand the environmental quality of the surface sediments of Qianwu Reservoir in wet and dry seasons (August and October) of 2019, nitrogen and phosphorus contents and 8 heavy metals were monitored at 6 sampling points in the reservoir area, and the ecological risk assessment and traceability analysis were carried out by using the comprehensive pollution index method, the geo cumulative index method and the potential ecological risk index method. The results showed that the average values of TN and TP contents in the surface sediments of Qianwu Reservoir in wet and dry seasons were 2 010 and 433, 1 873 and 308 mg/kg, respectively. It presented the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of high in the middle and low in the north and south ends. The comprehensive pollution index evaluation results showed that the overall TN of Qianwu Reservoir was heavily polluted, and TP was mildly polluted. The average contents of Hg, As, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the surface sediments of Qianwu Reservoir were 0.22, 10.64, 30.97, 293.25, 17.51, 21.01, 102.65, and 55.32 mg/kg, respectively. In terms of temporal and spatial distribution, except for Mn and Zn, the pollution of other heavy metals was heavier in wet seasons than in dry seasons. Affected by the topography of the reservoir and seasonal water transfer, except for Mn and Pb, the concentration levels of other heavy metals showed that the area from the head to the middle of the reservoir (points Q3 and Q4) during the wet season, and the area from the middle to the tail of the reservoir (Q2 and Q3) was high during the dry season. The evaluation results of the geoaccumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method both showed that Hg was the main ecological risk contributing factor, with a contribution rate of 75.8%. The overall potential ecological risk level of the reservoir area was medium risk.
- Qianwu Reservoir /
- surface sediment /
- nitrogen and phosphorus /
- heavy metals /
- ecological risk

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图 1 乾务水库沉积物采样点分布

Figure 1. Distribution of sediment sampling points in Qianwu Reservoir

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图 2 乾务水库不同水期TN、TP浓度分布

Figure 2. Distribution of TN and TP contents during different water periods in Qianwu Reservoir

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图 3 乾务水库不同水期沉积物中TN、TP空间分布

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of TN and TP in sediments of Qianwu Reservoir during different water periods

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图 4 乾务水库沉积物中各重金属不同水期空间分布

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Qianwu Reservoir during different water periods

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图 5 沉积物中重金属不同水期地累积指数箱线图

Figure 5. Box plot for the geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in sediments at different water stages

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图 6 各采样点丰、枯水期平均潜在生态风险指数各重金属构成评价

Figure 6. Evaluation of composition of heavy metals in the average potential ecological risk index of each site in wet and dry seasons

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表 1 沉积物综合污染程度分级

Table 1. Classification of comprehensive pollution degree of sediments

污染等级	S_TN	S_TP	FF	污染程度
1	≤1.0	≤0.5	≤1.0	清洁
2	1.0~1.5	0.5~1.0	1.0~1.5	轻度污染
3	1.5~2.0	1.0~1.5	1.5~2.0	中度污染
4	>2.0	>1.5	>2.0	重度污染

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表 2 广东省土壤重金属元素背景值及其对应毒性系数

Table 2. Background values of soil elements and corresponding toxicity coefficients of heavy metals in Guangdong Province

重金属	背景值/（mg/kg）	毒性系数
Hg	0.078	40
As	8.9	10
Cr	58.9	2
Mn	279	1
Ni	14.4	5
Cu	17	5
Zn	47.3	1
Pb	36	5

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表 3 沉积物地累积指数污染程度分级

Table 3. Pollution degree classification of sediment geoaccumulation index

I_geo	污染等级	污染程度
≤0	0	清洁
0~1	1	轻度污染
1~2	2	偏中度污染
2~3	3	中度污染
3~4	4	偏重度污染
4~5	5	重度污染
>5	6	严重污染

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表 4 单项及综合潜在生态风险评价指数与分级标准

Table 4. Individual and general indices and grades of potential ecological risk assessment

E_rⁱ	单项污染物生态风险程度	RI	综合潜在生态风险程度
<40	低	<150	低
40~80	中等	150~300	中等
80~160	较重	300~600	重
160~320	重	≥600	严重
≥320	严重

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表 5 乾务水库沉积物中TN、TP平均浓度与同类型水库相比

Table 5. Average contents of TN and TP in sediments of Qianwu Reservoir compared with the other similar reservoirs

水库名称	TN浓度/ (mg/kg)	TP浓度/ (mg/kg)	N/P	数据来源
乾务水库（广东，2019年）	1 942	371	5.23:1	本研究
竹银水库（广东，2019年）	887	128	6.93∶1	文献[33]
高州水库（广东，2010年）	1 724	604	2.85∶1	文献[34]
于桥水库（天津，2016年）	1 500	1905	0.79∶1	文献[35]
周村水库（山东，2015年）	2 700	1066	2.53∶1	文献[31]
山美水库（福建，2015年）	1 180	642	1.84∶1	文献[36]
双龙水库（云南，2012年）	2 390	370	6.46∶1	文献[37]

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表 6 乾务水库沉积物氮磷污染程度评价

Table 6. Average contents of TN and TP in sediments of Qianwu Reservoir

采样点	TN评价指数		TP评价指数		综合污染指数
采样点	S_TN	污染程度	S_TP	污染程度	FF	污染程度
Q1	2.63	重度	0.66	轻度	2.20	重度
Q2	3.69	重度	0.93	轻度	3.08	重度
Q3	3.30	重度	0.93	轻度	2.77	重度
Q4	2.78	重度	0.86	轻度	2.35	重度
Q5	2.53	重度	0.91	轻度	2.16	重度
Q6	2.46	重度	0.76	轻度	2.08	重度

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表 7 国内饮用水水源功能水库沉积物中重金属浓度平均值

Table 7. Average values of heavy metals in sediments of drinking water source reservoirs in China mg/kg　

水库名称	As	Cr	Mn	Ni	Cu	Zn	Pb	数据来源
乾务水库（广东，2019年）	10.64	30.97	293.25	17.51	21.01	102.65	55.32	本研究
本研究区背景值	8.9	58.9	279	14.4	17	47.3	36	文献[19-20]
丹江口水库（河南、湖北，2021年）	24.2	133.4	1667	26.3	57.2	197.1	29.85	文献[38]
岸堤水库（山东，2018年）	5. 27	82. 59	—	9. 47	12. 15	320. 90	38. 69	文献[39]
跋山水库（山东，2018年）	5. 32	87. 98	—	7. 93	22. 71	287. 78	36. 73	文献[39]
许家崖水库（山东，2018年）	6. 04	80.82	—	9. 87	48. 36	243. 86	34. 72	文献[39]
阿哈水库（贵州，2017年）	54.675	80.525	—	122.25	75.025	217.5	28.45	文献[40]
潘大水库（河北，2016年）	10.27	63.68	1185.12	37.42	56.74	140.97	41.58	文献[14]
清凉山水库（广东，2017年）	—	28.77	—	10.78	17.83	40.2	21.07	文献[27]
注：—表示文献中无相关数据。

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表 8 沉积物中各污染物相关性分析

Table 8. Correlation analysis of various pollutants in sediments

污染物	TN	TP	Hg	As	Cr	Mn	Ni	Cu	Zn	Pb
TN	1
TP	0.604	1
Hg	0.764	0.797	1
As	0.478	0.976^**	0.731	1
Cr	0.490	0.934^**	0.757	0.962^**	1
Mn	0.074	0.799	0.462	0.902^*	0.838^*	1
Ni	0.767	0.862^*	0.761	0.849^*	0.898^*	0.598	1
Cu	0.804	0.767	0.793	0.729	0.837^*	0.427	0.963^**	1
Zn	0.721	0.490	0.604	0.496	0.637	0.245	0.855^*	0.906^*	1
Pb	−0.468	0.098	−0.118	0.248	0.399	0.462	0.143	0.148	0.163	1
注：*表示在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关，表示在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关。

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表 9 乾务水库沉积物中各污染物主成分分析

Table 9. Analysis of main components of pollutants in sediments of Qianwu Reservoir

污染物	主成分1	主成分2
TN	0.714	−0.694
TP	0.934	0.121
Hg	0.851	−0.257
As	0.924	0.283
Cr	0.958	0.281
Mn	0.703	0.628
Ni	0.973	−0.097
Cu	0.931	−0.210
Zn	0.764	−0.288
Pb	0.172	0.815
合计	7.924	0.582
特征值	6.797	1.917
方差贡献率/%	67.971	19.169
累积贡献率/%	67.971	87.140

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