Measurement of the development level and spatial-temporal differences of the National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Areas in the Yellow River basin
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摘要:
以黄河流域36个国家生态文明建设示范区为对象，从生态本底、绿色经济、人居环境和制度文化4个维度筛选出21项关键指标，构建黄河流域生态文明建设发展水平测度指标体系，全面探析生态文明发展水平及其时空差异。结果表明：所有指标体系中，水质达到或优于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类比例、单位地区生产总值用水量、城镇污水处理率这3个与水资源相关的指标权重较高，分别为0.095 3、0.069 9和0.060 6，水资源利用和管理是影响黄河流域生态文明建设的关键因素；2016—2019年，36个示范区生态文明建设取得了一定进展，生态文明指数由0.645 3增长到0.735 4，人居环境、制度文化、生态本底和绿色经济指数增幅分别为31.22%、14.08%、12.68%和6.69%。流域内示范区生态文明建设水平呈上游和中游较高且相近、下游相对较低的特征，不同地区生态文明建设的侧重点应有所不同，上游应注重生态保护和系统治理，中游在污染治理和人居环境建设方面有待加强，下游需进一步推进经济绿色化发展水平。
Abstract:Exploring the level, development trends and spatial differences of ecological civilization construction in the Yellow River basin has important guidance and reference significance for further advancing the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River basin. 21 indicators were selected from ecological background, green economy, living environment and institutional culture to construct the eco-civilization construction indices system for measuring the development level in the Yellow River basin, and the development level and spatial-temporal differences of the 36 National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Areas (NECCDAs) in the Yellow River basin were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that three indicators related to water resources had high weights, including the proportion of water quality reaching or better than Class Ⅲ of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), water consumption per unit of GDP, urban sewage treatment rate, which weights were 0.095 3, 0.069 9 and 0.060 6, respectively. Water resource utilization and management was the key factor affecting the construction of ecological civilization construction in the Yellow River basin. From 2016 to 2019, the ecological civilization construction of the 36 NECCDAs in the Yellow River basin made some progress. The ecological civilization index increased from 0.645 3 to 0.735 4, while the growth rate of living environment, institutional culture, ecological background and green economy indicators were 31.22%, 14.08%, 12.68% and 6.69%, respectively. The ecological civilization construction level of the upstream and middle reaches was similar and higher than the downstream in the basin. The ecological civilization construction emphasis of different areas should be different. The ecological protection and systematic treatment of the upstream should be paid more attention to, the pollution control and living environment of the midstream need to be strengthened, and the degree of economic greening in the downstream should be further advanced.
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图 2 2016—2019年黄河流域36个国家生态文明建设示范区生态文明指数得分均值和4年变化情况
Figure 2. Change of average YECS of the 36 National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Areas in the Yellow River basin from 2016 to 2019
图 3 2016—2019年黄河流域9省（自治区）城镇化率和GDP占比
Figure 3. Urbanization rate and GDP proportion of nine provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River basin from 2016 to 2019
图 4 2016—2019年黄河流域36个国家生态文明建设示范区各分指数时空变化
Figure 4. Temporal and spatial changes in sub-indices of 36 National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Areas in the Yellow River basin from 2016 to 2019
4 2016—2019年黄河流域36个国家生态文明建设示范区各分指数时空变化(续)
注：河南蒙古族自治县简称河南县，黄南藏族自治州简称黄南州。
4. Temporal and spatial changes in sub-indices of 36 National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Areas in the Yellow River basin from 2016 to 2019 (continued)
图 5 黄河流域上、中、下游示范区生态文明指数得分情况
Figure 5. YECS of the demonstration areas in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin
表 1 黄河流域36个国家生态文明建设示范区
Table 1. 36 National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Areas in the Yellow River Basin
区域 省（自治区） 示范区 数量/个 上游地区 青海省 湟源县、贵德县、平安区、河南蒙古族自治县、黄南藏族自治州 15 宁夏回族自治区 吴忠市、固原市 内蒙古自治区 康巴什区、呼和浩特市新城区、鄂托克前旗 甘肃省 迭部县、合作市、平凉市、两当县、崇信县 中游地区 陕西省 凤县、陇县、宜君县、黄龙县、太白县、渭滨区、麟游县 14 山西省 右玉县、芮城县、沁源县、沁水县、蒲县、阳城县、安泽县 下游地区 河南省 兰考县、栾川县、汝州市、洛宁县 7 山东省 济阳区、惠民县、历下区 
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表 2 黄河流域生态文明建设发展水平测度指标体系
Table 2. Eco-civilization construction indices system for measuring the development level in the Yellow River basin
目标层 准则层 指标层 指标意义 属性 黄河流域生态文明建设成效（A） 生态本底（B1） 空气质量优良天数比例(C1) 反映空气环境质量 正向 PM2.5浓度(C2) 反映细颗粒物浓度 负向 水质达到或优于Ⅲ类比例(C3) 反映水环境质量 正向 劣Ⅴ类水体比例下降幅度(C4) 反映水环境质量提升状况 正向 林草覆盖率(C5) 反映林草资源丰富程度 正向 生态环境状况指数(C6) 反映生态环境综合状况 正向 绿色经济（B2） 单位地区生产总值能耗(C7) 反映能源消耗状况 负向 单位地区生产总值用水量(C8) 反映水资源消耗状况 负向 单位地区生产总值建设用地使用面积下降率(C9) 反映经济聚集化程度 正向 一般工业固体废物综合利用率(C10) 反映一般工业固废综合利用水平 正向 秸秆综合利用率(C11) 反映秸秆综合利用水平 正向 畜禽养殖粪便综合利用率(C12) 反映畜禽养殖粪便综合利用水平 正向 农膜回收利用率(C13) 反映农膜回收利用水平 正向 人居环境（B3） 城镇污水处理率(C14) 反映城镇污水处理状况 正向 城镇生活垃圾无害化处理率(C15) 反映城镇生活垃圾无害化处理状况 正向 农村卫生厕所普及率(C16) 反映农村卫生厕所普及建设状况 正向 城镇新建绿色建筑比例(C17) 反映绿色建筑建设状况 正向 制度文化（B4） 生态文明建设工作占党政实绩考核的比例(C18) 反映生态文明建设考核状况 正向 政府绿色采购比例(C19) 反映政府绿色采购状况 正向 生态文明教育普及率(C20) 反映生态文明教育的普及状况 正向 公众对生态文明建设满意度(C21) 反映公众对生态文明建设的满意程度 正向
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表 3 黄河流域生态文明建设发展水平测度指标体系权重
Table 3. Weight of eco-civilization construction indices system for measuring the development level in the Yellow River basin
目标层 准则层 准则层的权重 指标层 指标层的权重 层次分析法 熵值法 组合赋权法 层次分析法 熵值法 组合赋权法 A B1 0.375 4 0.321 2 0.348 3 C1 0.100 6 0.035 6 0.068 1 C2 0.049 3 0.046 3 0.047 8 C3 0.083 8 0.106 8 0.095 3 C4 0.052 8 0.018 4 0.035 6 C5 0.047 0 0.051 2 0.049 1 C6 0.041 9 0.062 9 0.052 4 B2 0.349 3 0.275 3 0.312 3 C7 0.082 5 0.037 7 0.060 1 C8 0.095 4 0.044 4 0.069 9 C9 0.034 7 0.065 1 0.049 9 C10 0.028 7 0.048 9 0.038 8 C11 0.031 9 0.027 3 0.029 6 C12 0.037 3 0.025 3 0.031 3 C13 0.038 8 0.026 6 0.032 7 B3 0.142 6 0.227 4 0.185 0 C14 0.048 0 0.073 2 0.060 6 C15 0.040 4 0.064 8 0.052 6 C16 0.034 0 0.064 6 0.049 3 C17 0.020 2 0.024 8 0.022 5 B4 0.132 7 0.176 1 0.154 4 C18 0.058 6 0.053 8 0.056 2 C19 0.014 7 0.008 1 0.011 4 C20 0.034 8 0.066 6 0.050 7 C21 0.024 6 0.047 6 0.036 1
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