Ecological restoration of the Yellow River basin in the last 70 years and systematic restoration thinking
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摘要:
黄河流域是我国重要的生态安全屏障，在气候变化与人为干扰不断加强下，水资源供需矛盾突出，生态问题凸显，高效生态修复是推进黄河流域生态保护的重要举措。结合新中国成立以来不同历史时期黄河流域自身特点及存在的主要问题，总结出我国不断探索科学治理黄河流域的“水沙调控治水害、水源涵养治断流、系统修复维健康”3个阶段历程。黄河流域通过3个阶段重点工程的生态治理，取得良好的成效，但在流域系统性修复方面仍面临挑战。基于生态修复系统性思维，提出构建包含流域生态空间系统性、生态要素系统性、生态产品价值系统性、生态监管系统性4个方面的系统性修复框架，并在该框架指引下提出黄河流域高水平保护的建议：根据黄河流域上中下游立地条件，开展系统修复治理、分区施策，整体提升流域生态服务供给能力；坚持山水林田湖草沙生命共同体，开展生态要素系统性治理，优化山水林田湖草沙配置；推动形成“自然资源-修复主体-修复模式-修复空间-价值链条”5个维度协同的生态修复下生态产品价值转换的复合系统；以恢复主导生态功能为目标，构建黄河流域生态修复全过程、系统性监管体系。
Abstract:The Yellow River basin is an important ecological security barrier in China. With the continuous strengthening of climate change and human interference, the contradiction between water supply and demand has become prominent and ecological problems have become prominent. Efficient ecological restoration is an important measure to promote ecological protection in the Yellow River basin. Combined with the characteristics and main problems of the Yellow River basin in different historical periods since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the three stages of continuous exploration and scientific management of the Yellow River basin were summarized, including "water and sediment regulation for controlling water disasters, water source conservation for controlling flow interruption, and system restoration for maintenance health". The ecological governance of the Yellow River basin had achieved good results through the three stages of key projects, but there were still challenges in the systematic restoration of the Yellow River basin. Based on the systematic thinking of ecological restoration, a systematic restoration framework was constructed including four aspects: the systematic nature of watershed ecological space, the systematic nature of ecological elements, the systematic nature of ecological product value, and the systematic nature of ecological supervision. Under the guidance of the systematic restoration framework, the following suggestions were proposed to provide ideas for high-level protection: 1)Based on the site conditions of the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin, carrying out systematic restoration and governance, implementing policies by different regions, to improve the overall ecological service supply capacity of the basin; 2) Adhering to the life community of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grass and sand, carrying out systematic management and optimizing the allocation of ecological elements; 3) Promoting the formation of a composite system for the value transformation of ecological products under ecological restoration, which was coordinated from five dimensions: natural resources, restoration subjects, restoration modes, restoration spaces, and value chains; 4) With the goal of restoring the dominant ecological function, establishing a comprehensive and systematic regulatory system for the ecological restoration process in the Yellow River basin.
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图 2 黄河流域“十四五”生态修复重点
Figure 2. Focuses of ecological restoration in the 14th Five-year Plan of the Yellow River basin
表 1 新中国成立以来黄河流域重点生态修复工程
Table 1. Key ecological restoration projects in the Yellow River basin since the founding of the People's Republic of China
序号 解决的生态
问题实施的生态
修复工程实施期限、范围、投资 工程内容 取得成效 1 水土流失 水土保持工程 1949年至今，工程涉及黄河流域全域，其中2011—2020年实施水土保持防治责任范围面积45.44
万hm2，投资512.21亿元以渭北、陇东、晋西南等地为重点，开展水土保持和土地综合整治，实施小流域综合治理，建设涵盖塬面、沟坡、沟道的综合防护体系 在植被恢复、建设水土保持基础设施、控制坡面土壤侵蚀以及减少入黄泥沙等方面取得了巨大的成就，水土保持率从1999年的46.33%提高到2020年的66.94%[2] 2 林草退化 三北防护林体系建设工程 1978年至今，工程涉及青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西。截至2020年，工程总投资902.1
亿元规划造林3 508.3万hm2，森林覆盖率由工程建设前的5.05%提高到14.95% 水土流失面积降低、水土保持林面积增加、农田防护林面积增加、防风固沙林面积增加、极重度沙漠和重度沙漠面积出现明显下降趋势[31] 天然林资源保护工程 涉及陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、内蒙古、河南、山西。一期工程1998—2010年，二期工程2011—2020年，总投入资金
2 440.2亿元全面停止黄河上中游地区天然林的商品性采伐，加快黄河上中游工程区宜林荒山荒地的造林绿化 近1.33亿hm2天然林得到全面保护，森林资源总量不断增加，天然林质量显著提升[32] 退耕还林还草 2001年试点，2002年全面启动，涉及黄河流域全域。截至2020年，中央财政累计投入5 353亿元 对坡耕地实施停止耕种，改为植树种草，恢复植被，控制水土流失 黄土高原、陕北高原、吕梁—太行山等地植被覆盖度均呈显著增加趋势，退耕区总初级生产力的年际增速提高，带动了整个区域总初级生产力的增长[11] 3 生物多样性
降低野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设工程 2001—2010年，主要在黄河流域内自然保护区实施，工程投资2.09亿元 将大熊猫、东北虎、金丝猴、朱鹮、苏铁等15个珍稀濒危野生动植物种类确定为重点工程 提升濒危野生动物人工繁育种群质量，大力推动濒危野生动物野化放归，野生植物回归自然成活率高[33] 4 土地沙化 京津冀风沙源治理工程 2000—2012年，一期投资558亿元，涉及黄河流域内山西、内蒙古、陕西；2013—2022年，二期投资877.92亿元 工程区分为4个治理区，即北部干旱草原沙化治理区、浑善达克沙地治理区、农牧交错地带沙化土地治理区和燕山丘陵山地水源保护区，治理总面积为14 819.5万hm2 各种类型植被覆盖面积增加，降低了风速、减小了土壤风蚀，防风固沙生态功能得到提升[34] 5 上游水源涵养能力下降 三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设工程 2005—2013年，一期投资86.5亿元；2014—2020年，二期投资135亿元，涉及青海省 生态保护与建设包括退牧还草、已垦草原还草、退耕还林、生态恶化土地治理、森林草原防火、草地鼠害治理、水土保持和保护管理设施与能力建设8项内容 年平均植被覆盖度提高，生态系统得到休养生息，生态系统水源涵养和流域水供给能力提高，工程区平均水源涵养量为184.25×108 m3/a，野生动物栖息地环境有所改善[35] 6 矿山破坏 废弃矿山
治理工程2005年至今，涉及甘南黄河上游、内蒙古矿山、河南黄河三门峡段、青海祁连山南麓乐都片区矿山等，投资约318亿元 整顿矿产资源开发中的各类违法违规行为，规范矿产资源开发活动，建立和维护良好的矿产资源开发秩序 对矿产资源开发提出技术要求，明确了我国绿色矿山建设的目标要求，提出了明确的市场激励政策。矿山生态修复面积不断增加，生态环境得到改善[36] 7 湿地萎缩 湿地保护与
修复工程2006年至今，涉及山东黄河河口、若尔盖湿地、黄河三角洲湿地等黄河流域重要的湿地区域，其中“十三五”投资98.7亿元 重点对国家级自然保护区和国家重要湿地区域内的退化湿地进行恢复 黄河流域初步建成了湿地自然保护地体系，鸟类个体数量显著增加，生物多样性指标明显改善[37] 8 系统治理弱 山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程 2016年至今，涉及祁连山、秦岭、贺兰山、黄土高原、黄河三角洲等黄河中上游及京津冀水源涵养区，投资170亿元 加强整体保护，统筹考虑自然生态各要素，大力实施生态保护修复工程，加强开发、利用与保护、修复之间的协同 自然保护地体系建设稳步推进，生物多样性保护全面加强；促进了生态修复区植被的恢复，防止了水土流失 [38] 
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