Abstract: Microplastics, as one of new pollutants that are widely concerned internationally, have been frequently detected in water environment around the world in recent years. Microplastics not only have the characteristics of small size, difficult degradation and durability, but also can act as carriers of toxic metals, microorganisms and pesticides and other pollutants to further enhance their hazard potentials. A comprehensive understanding of the sources and treatment approaches of microplastics is a prerequisite for identifying critical issues and their effective management. The latest progress of research on microplastic pollution in water environment at home and abroad was reviewed, the classification and sources of microplastics were analyzed, the methods of separation and extraction of microplastics, qualitative and quantitative detection were expounded, and the single effects of microplastics on typical aquatic organisms and the composite effects of microplastics and related pollutants on aquatic organisms were systematically summarized. Combined with the existing water pollution control technology, the advantages and disadvantages of microplastic removal methods, including adsorption, filtration, coagulation precipitation, photocatalysis, electric flocculation, biodegradation, membrane bioreactor and activated sludge process, were summarized. It was expected to provide reference for the removal and pollution control of microplastics in water environment.