Identification of key areas for ecological restoration of territorial space based on ecological security pattern: a case of five plateau lake basins in central Yunnan
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摘要:
为探索湖泊流域国土空间生态保护修复关键区域识别方法，以滇中五大高原湖泊(滇池、抚仙湖、星云湖、杞麓湖、阳宗海)流域为例，综合运用生境质量模型、形态空间格局分析模型、景观连通性模型、最小累积阻力模型和电路理论，构建区域生态安全格局，识别生态夹点、生态障碍点、生态断裂点，明确湖泊流域国土空间生态保护修复关键区域。结果表明：滇中五大高原湖泊流域生态源地占全流域土地总面积的23.43%，包含33个生态源地斑块，主要分布于五大湖区和山林地；识别出景观生态廊道总长488.85 km，呈网状连通分布离散的生态源地；识别出流域生态修复关键区包括生态夹点93处，面积为119.17 km2，主要分布于滇池流域，亟待保护修复的生态障碍点62处，面积41.96 km2；生态夹点和生态障碍点重叠面积17.40 km2，生态断裂点77处，在滇池流域分布最为密集。结合流域各类生态保护修复关键区域的空间分布特征和土地利用现状，分别提出生态保护修复提升方向。
Abstract:In order to explore the identification methods of key areas of ecological protection and restoration of land space in lake basins, five plateau lake basins in central Yunnan (Dianchi Lake, Fuxian Lake, Xingyun Lake, Qilu Lake and Yangzong Lake) were taken as research examples, the habitat quality model, morphological spatial pattern analysis model, landscape connectivity model, minimum cumulative resistance model and circuit theory were comprehensively used to construct a regional ecological security pattern, identify ecological pinch points, ecological obstacle points and ecological break points, and clarify the key areas of ecological protection and restoration of land space in lake basins. The results showed that: the ecological source areas of the five major plateau lake basins in central Yunnan accounted for 23.43% of the total land area of the whole basins, including 33 ecological source patches, mainly distributed in five plateau lake basins and mountain and forest lands, and the ecological corridors were identified with a total length of 488.85 km and discrete distribution in a network connection. The key areas of ecological restoration in the watershed were identified, including 93 ecological pinch points with an area of 119.17 km2, mainly distributed in Dianchi Lake basin, 62 ecological obstacle points in urgent need of protection and restoration with an area of 41.96 km2, the overlapping area of ecological pinch points and ecological obstacle points of 17.40 km2, and 77 ecological break points, with the densest distribution in Dianchi Lake basin. Combined with the spatial distribution characteristics and land use status of various key areas of ecological protection and restoration in the basins, the directions of ecological protection and restoration improvement were proposed. This method could effectively identify the areas to be repaired by the ecological network, and provide technical support for the ecological protection and restoration of land space.
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图 3 研究区生境质量、景观类型和生态源地空间分布
Figure 3. Spatial distribution of habitat quality, landscape type and ecological source sites in the study area
图 4 五大高原湖泊流域综合阻力面与生态安全格局空间分布
Figure 4. Integrated resistance surface and ecological security pattern of five plateau lake basins
图 5 滇中五大高原湖泊流域生态夹点空间分布
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of ecological pinch points in five plateau lake basins in central Yunnan
图 6 滇中五大高原湖泊流域生态障碍点空间分布
Figure 6. Spatial distribution of ecological barrier points in five major plateau lake basins in central Yunnan
图 7 待修复生态断裂点和生态保护修复关键区域空间分布
Figure 7. Spatial distribution of ecological break points to be repaired and key areas for ecological protection and restoration
表 1 威胁因子及胁迫强度
Table 1. Threat factors and stress intensity
威胁因子 最大胁迫距离/km 权重 空间衰退类型 耕地 1 0.6 线性 建设用地 5 1.0 指数 未利用地 2 0.3 线性 交通用地 3 0.5 线性 
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表 2 土地利用类型对生境威胁因子的敏感度
Table 2. Sensitivity of land use types to habitat threat factors
土地利用类型 生境适宜度 威胁因子 耕地 建设用地 未利用地 交通用地 耕地 1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.6 林地 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 草地 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.7 水域 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.4 建设用地 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 未利用地 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.4
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表 3 景观类型分类统计
Table 3. Landscape type classification statistics table
景观类型 景观面积/km2 占前景要素
比例/%占研究区总面积
比例/%核心区 1914.80 73.44 40.55 桥接区 33.62 1.29 0.71 边缘区 352.71 13.53 7.47 支线 101.29 3.88 2.15 环道区 22.75 0.87 0.48 孤岛 55.15 2.12 1.17 孔隙 69.17 2.65 1.46
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表 4 滇中地区综合阻力评价指标体系
Table 4. Comprehensive resistance evaluation index system in central Yunnan
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表 5 生态源地面积及斑块重要性指数
Table 5. Ecological source site area and patch importance index
源地
编号面积/
km2dPC 源地
编号面积/
km2dPC 源地
编号面积/
km2dPC 1 290.49 38.14 12 22.96 1.70 23 11.81 1.12 2 211.21 37.31 13 22.58 3.81 24 10.71 2.66 3 70.24 3.35 14 18.66 1.91 25 9.56 1.78 4 43.62 6.03 15 15.35 1.88 26 8.27 1.11 5 34.25 1.96 16 15.28 12.41 27 8.27 1.02 6 33.64 1.29 17 14.51 10.55 28 7.97 1.05 7 33.25 11.42 18 14.23 4.05 29 7.59 1.13 8 33.28 2.17 19 13.34 2.49 30 7.55 2.79 9 31.98 4.40 20 12.31 1.22 31 7.32 3.02 10 29.74 1.54 21 12.21 2.80 32 6.27 1.08 11 29.27 1.96 22 12.21 2.14 33 6.25 1.05
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表 6 五大高原湖泊流域国土空间生态保护修复关键区域
Table 6. Key areas of ecological protection and restoration of national land space in five plateau lake basins
修复区域 流域
名称数量/个 面积/hm2 具体分布 土地利用现状/hm2 建议修复方向 生态夹点区域 滇池流域 54 8 517.26 滇源街道至中所村、阿子营街道南部、茨坝街道中部、长虫山至大观公园、小买冲水库至郊野公园、老马山至大观公园、棋盘山公园至西华湿地公园、大板桥街道中部、洛龙街道、上蒜镇北部、中村塘南部、麻地沟水库西部、龙潭水库西南部和大河水库南部等地区 建设用地为3 065.49，林地为2 060.76，耕地为1 879.85，草地为1 448.43，水体为57.60，未利用地为5.13 控制城市开发边界；增加城市绿地、绿心建设，提高城市绿地生态网络的完整性；实施湖泊流域退耕还林、退化林修复和天然林保护工程；退还湖泊生态空间，建立生态湖滨带、生态隔离带；加强河道整治，控制及修复城镇点源污、农业农村污染、湖泊内源污染 抚仙湖
流域14 634.78 黑土地村北部、菜花坪北部、梁王河水库西部和南部地区、山冲河水库地区、岔河地区以及抚仙湖南部地区 草地为236.19，林地为184.14，耕地为153.79，建设用地为56.97，水体为3.69 实施退耕还林还草、封山禁牧和育林育草等生态修复工程，提高植被丰度；建立湖泊保护缓冲带以及生态廊道等 杞麓湖
流域8 1 183.87 四街镇中部、纳古镇东北部、河西镇南部和北部、三岔河水库西部和九龙街道白泥箐西部地区 耕地为610.92，林地为290.55，草地为170.80，建设用地为105.66，水体为4.41，未利用地为1.53 调整流域农业结构，发展生态农业，减轻农业面源污染；构建流域农田生物拦截带、沿河湖植被缓冲带和隔离带；严格生态用地用途管制，控制乡村宅基地人均规模，防止永久基本农田“非农化”；建设国家湿地公园、自然保护区和植被生态修复等生态提升项目 星云湖
流域9 1 269.90 堰塘东北部、小中坡北部、茶尔山水库北部、江城镇西南部、前卫镇南部、跃进水库西部和星云湖至祭天山等区域 耕地为540，林地为275.06，草地为265.13，建设用地为173.69，水体为16.02 阳宗海
流域8 311.17 白羊山水库南部、昔者龙水库西南部、阳宗海至小坝水库一线、阳宗海北部以及三坝水库南部地区 耕地为106.95，草地为93.15，建设用地为54.72，林地为36.01，水体为4.50，未利用地为0.99 生态障碍点区域 滇池
流域48 3 596.67 盘龙区(花渔沟村、和平社区、天山坝水库西部、火车北站至洗硕塘、大板桥街道)；五华区(龙院社区、海源社区、隅山公园南部、普吉社区、荷叶山北部和南部)；西山区(春雨小区、西山公园西北部)；呈贡区、小场村水库西北部、长塘子水库区 建设用地为2 866.14，耕地为349.61，草地为277.87，林地为72.18，未利用地为25.38，水体为5.49 加大环湖生态移民搬迁工程；
开展人工造林种草和坡耕地综合治理；
建设城市、居民、工矿用地的生态带、生态缓冲带，提高生态系统完整性和连通性；
腾退低效陡坡耕地，纳入退耕还林还草范围，提高荒山荒坡的植被覆盖度，增强山地生态系统稳定性杞麓湖
流域5 352.90 通海县主城区、河西镇南部、纳古镇二街村北部地区、纳古镇三家村北部 建设用地为226.85，耕地为99.73，草地为22.99，林地为3.33 星云湖
流域4 180.49 大营、三街社区、龙街村、内桃园 建设用地为129.69，耕地为49.85，草地为0.95 抚仙湖
流域5 65.53 黑土地村西北部、菜花坪北部、梁王河水库西北部、小官庄北部 草地为29.98，林地为17.73，耕地为16.20，建设用地为1.62 阳宗海
流域8 139.77 东瓜营村北部、下皂村北部、北斗大村、阳宗海火车站、阳宗镇、饮马池村、石寨河水库西部 耕地为65.97，草地为46.80，建设用地为23.04，未利用地为2.16，林地为1.80
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表 7 关键生态廊道待修复生态断裂点分布情况
Table 7. Distribution of ecological break points in key ecological corridors to be restored
湖泊流域 生态
断裂点国道 省道 铁路 高速
公路建议修复方向 滇池流域 56 6 14 20 16 修建路下涵洞和路上“绿桥”；设置通道入口引导栅栏；设计标志牌、警示牌；教育周围群众，提高大众动物保护意识；开展通道监测 抚仙湖
流域3 0 3 0 0 杞麓湖
流域6 0 5 1 0 星云湖
流域5 0 5 0 0 阳宗海
流域7 2 0 3 2
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