浙江省某尾矿库周边农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

吕玉娟; 王秋月; 孙雪梅; 张志伟; 张毅敏; 高月香

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221193

浙江省某尾矿库周边农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221193

吕玉娟^1,,
王秋月^{1, 2,},
孙雪梅^{1, 2},
张志伟¹,
张毅敏¹,
高月香^1, ,

1.
生态环境部南京环境科学研究所
2.
河海大学环境学院

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（72174127，42107098）；中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项（B22017010204）

详细信息

作者简介:
吕玉娟（1987—），女，助理研究员，博士，主要从事土壤污染与氮循环研究，lv_yujuan@163.com

通讯作者:
高月香（1981—），女，副研究员，硕士，主要从事湖泊生态修复及黑臭河道治理技术研究，gyx@nies.org

中图分类号: X53
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-29
- 录用日期: 2023-06-14
- 修回日期: 2023-04-10
- 网络出版日期: 2023-09-20

Pollution characteristics and source identification of heavy metals in farmland soils around a tailing pond in Zhejiang Province

LÜ Yujuan^1
,,
WANG Qiuyue^{1, 2
,},
SUN Xuemei^{1, 2},
ZHANG Zhiwei¹,
ZHANG Yimin¹,
GAO Yuexiang^{1
, ,}

1.
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment
2.
College of Environment, Hohai University

摘要

摘要:
尾矿库周边生态环境安全受到高度关注，土壤重金属污染是农田治理和保护的风险源之一。以地处浙东丘陵山地的浙江省某铜矿尾矿库周边农田为研究对象，测定了农田土壤中8种重金属元素Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni的浓度，运用地累积指数法、污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和生态风险预警指数法对农田土壤重金属污染程度以及生态风险进行评价，结合正定矩阵受体模型（PMF），定量解析农田土壤重金属的来源。结果表明：1）研究区农田土壤中Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn浓度分别是土壤元素背景值的5.36、2.06、8.19、5.36倍，具有高度变异性；污染指数评价结果表明，Cu、Zn、Cd重度污染占比均达到10.5%，中度污染占比为5.26%，靠近尾矿库（<300 m）的15.8%的点位处于重度污染等级；地累积指数评价结果表明，Cd、Cu、Zn和Hg可能具有累积风险。2）潜在生态风险评价结果表明，Cd为很强生态风险，Hg为较强生态风险，Cu为中等生态风险，其余重金属均为轻微风险；综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）为308.91，综合潜在风险为较强风险。生态风险预警评估结果表明，Cu为重警，Cd和Zn为中警，Hg为轻警，As为预警，Pb、Cr和Ni为无警；综合生态风险预警指数（IER）为16.06，综合生态风险预警为重警。RI和IER空间分布基本一致，主要受Cd、Cu、Zn和Hg的影响。3）PMF解析出3个源，Cd、Zn、Cu主要受铜矿尾矿库尾砂和坝下渗水的混合源影响，贡献率分别为94.4%、94.3%和67.1%；Hg可能是以肥料、农药施用等农业活动源为主，贡献率为61.5%；Cr、Ni、Pb和As主要受成土母质和交通运输活动混合源的影响，贡献率分别为89.7%、82.7%、75.0%和68.3%。
- 尾矿库 /
- 土壤重金属 /
- 污染评价 /
- 潜在生态风险 /
- 正定矩阵受体模型（PMF） /
- 源解析
Abstract:
The safety of the ecological environment around tailing ponds has received high attention, and soil heavy metal pollution is one of the risk sources of cultivated land management and protection. The concentrations of eight heavy metals Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni were measured in the soil of a copper mine tailing pond in Zhejiang Province, which was located in the hilly mountainous area of east Zhejiang Province, and the degree of soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk around the tailing pond were evaluated by using the geo-accumulation index method, pollution index method, potential ecological risk index method and ecological risk warning index method. The sources of heavy metals in farmland soils were quantitatively analyzed by combining the positive definite matrix factor (PMF) receptor model. The results showed that: 1) The concentrations of Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn with a character of high variability in farmland soils in the study area were 5.36, 2.06, 8.19 and 5.36 times higher than the background values of soil elements, respectively. The pollution index showed that the percentage of heavy pollution of Cu, Zn and Cd all reached 10.5%, the percentage of moderate pollution was 5.26%, and 15.8% of the points near the tailing pond (<300 m) were in the severe pollution level. The geo-accumulation index indicated that Cd, Cu, Zn and Hg might have cumulative risks. 2) The results of the ecological risk index showed that Cd was with high potential ecological risk, Hg was with considerable potential ecological risk, Cu was with moderate ecological risk and the remaining heavy metals were minor risk. The comprehensive potential ecological risk index (RI) was 308.91, which belonged to high risk level. The results of the ecological risk warning index indicated Cu was severe warning, Cd and Zn were medium warning, Hg was mild warning, As was early warning, Pb, Cr and Ni were no warnings. The comprehensive ecological risk warning index (IER) was 16.06, which belonged to severe warning level. The spatial distribution patterns of RI and IER were similar, and Cd, Cu, Zn and Hg were the main warning elements and ecological risk factors in the study area. 3) The sources apportionment of heavy metals in the farmland soil based on PMF indicated that the heavy metal contamination in the area mainly came from three sources. Specifically, Cd, Zn and Cu pollution was mainly influenced by mixed of tailings from copper tailing pond and seepage water under the dam, and the corresponding contribution rate was 94.4%, 94.3% and 67.1%, respectively. Agricultural activities such as chemical fertilizer and pesticide application had the highest contribution to Hg, and its contribution rate was 61.5%. Natural parent material and transportation activities had the highest contribution to Cr, Ni, Pb and As, and the corresponding contribution rate was 89.7%, 82.7%, 75.0% and 68.3%, respectively.
- tailing pond /
- soil heavy metals /
- pollution assessment /
- potential ecological risk /
- positivedefinite matrix factor (PMF) /
- sources apportionment

HTML全文

图 1 尾矿库及研究区域位置

Figure 1. Location map of tailings pond area and the study area

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图 2 尾矿库周边农田土壤样品采集点位分布

Figure 2. Distribution of soil sample collection points in cultivated land around a tailing pond

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图 3 农田土壤重金属浓度空间分布

Figure 3. Spatial distribution map of six heavy metals content in farmland soil

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图 4 农田土壤重金属I_geo箱形图

Figure 4. Box diagram of I_geo of heavy metal content in farmland soil

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图 5 农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险空间分布

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of heavy metal RI in the farmland soil

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图 6 农田土壤重金属风险预警指数空间分布

Figure 6. Spatial distribution of heavy metal IER in the farmland soil

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图 7 研究区农田土壤重金属含量相关性热点图

注：**表示在0.01水平上极显著相关，*表示在0.05水平上显著相关。

Figure 7. Hot spot map of correlation of heavy metal contents in farmland soil in the study area

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图 8 各污染源因子对重金属贡献率

Figure 8. Contribution rates of different sources to heavy mental

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表 1 土壤重金属污染评价等级标准

Table 1. Assessment classification criteria of heavy metal pollution in soil

地累积指数（I_geo）		单因子污染指数（P_i）		内梅罗综合指数（P_n）
数值	污染程度	数值	污染程度	数值	污染程度
≤0	无污染	≤1.0	无污染	≤0.7	无污染
0~1	轻度污染	1.0~2.0	轻微污染	0.7~1.0	尚清洁污染
1~2	中度污染	2.0~3.0	轻度污染	1.0~2.0	轻度污染
2~3	偏重污染	3.0~5.0	中度污染	2.0~3.0	中度污染
3~4	重度污染	>5.0	重度污染	>3.0	重度污染
>4	严重污染

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表 2 土壤重金属环境风险等级标准

Table 2. Environmental risk level standard for heavy metals in soil

单项生态风险指数（$ {{E}}_{\text{r}}^{i} $）		综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）		生态风险预警指数（IER）
数值	风险等级	数值	风险等级	数值	预警指数等级
≤40	轻微风险	≤110	轻微风险	≤0	无警
40~80	中等风险	110~220	中等风险	0~1	预警
80~160	较强风险	220~440	较强风险	1~3	轻警
160~320	很强风险	>440	极强风险	3~5	中警
>320	极强风险			>5	重警

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表 3 农田土壤重金属浓度统计结果

Table 3. Heavy metal content in farmland soil

指标	最大值/ （mg/kg）	最小值/ （mg/kg）	均值/ （mg/kg）	标准差/ （mg/kg）	检出限/ （mg/kg）	背景值¹⁾/ （mg/kg）	筛选值/ （mg/kg）	偏度	峰度	变异系数/%	超标率/%
Cd	4.84	0.07	0.75	1.31	0.07	0.14	0.6	2.36	4.67	175	25.0
Hg	1.78	0.07	0.31	0.38	0.002	0.15	3.4	3.44	13.1	123	0
As	10.6	1.71	5.86	2.14	0.01	5.40	25	0.19	−0.14	37	0
Pb	37	15	25	5.63	2.0	31.6	170	0.75	0.55	23	0
Zn	2 825	37	419	809	2.0	78.2	300	2.33	4.31	193	39.7
Cu	1 536	19.4	172	365	1.2	21.0	100	3.14	10.4	212	72.7
Cr	35	23	29	3.36	3.0	47.6	250	0.01	−0.86	12	0
Ni	18	9	12	1.99	1.5	21.5	190	1.08	2.74	17	0
1)为绍兴市土壤元素背景值^[18]。注：采集样品数量为19个。

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表 4 农田土壤重金属污染指数

Table 4. Heavy metal pollution index in farmland soil

统计值	单因子污染指数${\text{（}{P} }_{{i} }）$								内梅罗综合指数（$ {{P}}_{\text{n}}） $
统计值	Cd	Hg	As	Pb	Zn	Cu	Cr	Ni	内梅罗综合指数（$ {{P}}_{\text{n}}） $
最小值	0.12	0.02	0.07	0.09	0.12	0.19	0.09	0.05	0.22
最大值	8.07	0.52	0.42	0.22	9.42	15.36	0.14	0.09	11.2
平均值	1.25	0.09	0.23	0.15	1.40	1.73	0.11	0.06	1.43
标准差	2.19	0.11	0.09	0.03	2.70	3.65	0.01	0.01	2.82
变异系数/%	175	122	39.0	20.0	193	211	9.00	17.0	197
无污染率/%	84.2	100	100	100	84.2	84.2	100	100	84.2
中度污染率/%	5.26	0	0	0	5.26	5.26	0	0	0
重度污染率/%	10.5	0	0	0	10.5	10.5	0	0	15.8

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