A review of geomagnetic noise sources and denoising methods for landfill sites
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摘要:
填埋是固体废物集中处置的主要手段，填埋场则是固体废物对地下水环境影响集中发生的场所。通过防渗层HDPE膜漏洞的渗漏是导致地下水污染的主要途径和方式，开展防渗层渗漏快速检测和精准定位具有重要意义。传统电学渗漏检测难以检测双层衬垫或多层衬垫系统的下层衬垫破损，基于传统电法改进的电磁方法展现出下层衬垫检测的潜力，但迫切需要解决填埋场复杂服役人文环境和地球磁场环境下的电磁噪声干扰问题。为此，通过对磁法检测原理和信号特征的深入分析，以及对背景磁噪声类型、来源、特征和电磁噪声去噪方法的综述，得出如下结论：在特定条件下，漏洞越近，其磁场信号越强；填埋场噪声主要来源于地磁和人文磁场，且不同噪声有不同特征，需不同处理；去噪过程先预处理排除干扰，其次在检测中选择适宜的滤波或测量法去除噪声。
Abstract:Landfills are the primary means of centralized solid waste disposal, and it is also the place where the environmental impact of solid wastes on groundwater is concentrated. The leakage of HDPE membrane of the impermeable layer is the main way to lead to groundwater pollution. It is of great significance to carry out the rapid detection and accurate positioning of the leakage of the impermeable layer. The traditional electrical leakage method is difficult to detect the damage of the lower liner of the double-layer or multilayer liner system. The improved electromagnetic method based on the traditional electrical method shows the potential of detecting the lower liner. However, it is urgent to solve the problem of electromagnetic noise interference in the complex service and human environment of the landfill site and the earth's magnetic field environment. The in-depth analysis of the magnetic detection principle and signal characteristics, as well as the overview of the background magnetic noise types, sources, characteristics and electromagnetic noise denoising methods, was thus performed. It is concluded that under specific conditions, the closer the loophole is, the stronger its magnetic field signal is; the landfill noise is mainly derived from the geomagnetic and humanities magnetic fields, and different noises have different characteristics and require different processing; the denoising process is first pre-processed to exclude interference, followed by the selection of appropriate filtering or measurement method to remove noise in the detection.
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Key words:
- landfill impermeable layer /
- leakage detection /
- magnetic method /
- electromagnetic noise /
- noise source /
- denoising
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图 1 双衬层填埋场下层HDPE膜破损检测原理[16]
Figure 1. Principle diagram of HDPE membrane damage detection in the lower layer of double lining landfill
表 1 填埋场电磁噪声主要来源
Table 1. Sources of electromagnetic noise in landfills
填埋场电磁噪声 分类 来源 大地电磁噪声 内部干扰源 地质噪声，如地下矿藏、地下水等 外部干扰源 太阳、磁暴和亚磁暴、地磁脉动等 人文电磁噪声 人员因素 人员更替、人员操作、人员聚集等活动 设备因素 电力线、工业用电、通讯设施、
车辆等铁磁类物品
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表 2 检测过程中的去噪方式、原理及效果
Table 2. Method, principle and effect of denoising in the detection process
噪声类型 去除方式 原理 效果 低频噪声 工频滤波 硬件电路和软件电路实现消除50 Hz噪声 在地磁测量中采用工频噪声滤波可以有效消除工频干扰[26] 差分滤波 利用2个数据采集单元同步采集信号，采用差分计算，
可以去除共模干扰在填埋场地磁测量中，通过差分计算
实现有效的噪声去除[16]空间多极子展开法 将磁场分解为不同级别的多极子项，通过计算
这些多极子项的系数去除噪声在计算任意复杂形状旋转封闭薄壳辐射声场时，
可去除旋转机械噪声问题[27]高频噪声 低通滤波 使低频信号能正常通过，而超过设定临界值的
高频信号则被阻隔、减弱在减弱水下机器人产生的磁信号时，采用低通滤波对
静态噪声进行平滑处理，可去除高频信号[28]磁场梯度测量法 通过测量不同位置处的磁场梯度去除噪声 在地磁测量中，采用磁场梯度测量方式去除噪声，
去噪后信噪比有不同程度的提高[29]
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