Study on carbon capture technology and development trend of exhaust gas from ocean-going ships
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摘要:
二氧化碳(CO2)作为主要的温室气体,减排的迫切性日益凸显,一系列国际航运碳减排措施已逐步进入强制执行阶段。碳捕集技术被认为是最直接有效的碳减排技术。然而,船舶尾气碳捕集技术的研究和应用还处于起步阶段,亟需大量深入的针对性研究。因此,针对远洋船舶的尾气碳捕集技术及其发展趋势进行了探讨。首先,介绍船舶尾气碳捕集技术的背景及现状,对当前工业源尾气处理方案及主流的碳捕集技术进行分析和研究。其次,量化国际海事组织对航运业的碳排放要求,对比各种碳减排技术在船舶领域中的可行性和适用性,详细研究了远洋船舶使用碳捕集技术的影响因素与面临的挑战,包括技术要求、技术成本、设备可靠性、能源消耗、二次污染等。最后,结合历史数据和未来趋势预测,对远洋船舶尾气碳捕集技术的发展趋势做出展望,并提出改进方法,以帮助减少船舶排放的碳足迹。
Abstract:The urgency of reducing carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gas is becoming increasingly prominent, and a series of international shipping carbon reduction measures have entered the stage of compulsory enforcement. Carbon capture technology is the most direct and effective technology for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, the research and application of carbon capture technology for ship exhaust is still in its infancy, and there is an urgent need for a large amount of in-depth targeted research. Therefore, the carbon capture technology and its development trend for the exhaust gas of ocean-going ships were discussed. Firstly, the background and current status of carbon capture technology for ship exhaust were introduced, and the current industrial source exhaust treatment schemes and mainstream carbon capture technologies were analyzed and studied. Then, the carbon emission requirements of the International Maritime Organization for the shipping industry were quantified, and the feasibility and applicability of various carbon reduction technologies in the field of shipping were compared. A detailed study was conducted on the challenges and influencing factors encountered by ocean-going vessels using carbon capture technology, including technical requirements, technical costs, equipment reliability, energy consumption, secondary pollution, etc. Finally, based on the combination of historical data and future trend prediction, prospects were made for the future development of carbon capture technology for ocean-going ship exhaust, and improvement methods were proposed to help reduce the carbon footprint of ship emissions.
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Key words:
- ship exhaust /
- carbon dioxide (CO2) /
- shipping emission reduction /
- ocean-going ship /
- carbon capture
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表 1 碳捕集技术基本特性
Table 1. Basic characteristics of carbon capture technology
碳捕集
技术捕集原理[15] 优点 缺点 捕集效率/% 燃烧前 化石燃料在燃烧前经过气化、重整等过程,生成CO2和H2,将CO2分离、收集后,H2单独作为燃料使用 捕集过程中CO2分压较高,
捕集成本相对较低[16-18]配套的氢燃料发动机技术不成熟,
应用场景具有局限性[19]85~95[16] 燃烧中 在燃料燃烧过程中注入O2,生成高浓度的CO2,促进CO2气体的分离和捕集 CO2捕集能耗相对较低[20] 需额外加装制氧装置,制氧成本较高,对原有设备改动较大[13] >95[21-22] 燃烧后 在燃料燃烧装置后加装捕集装置,对废气中的CO2进行捕集 对原有设备改动小,适用于低
CO2分压的气源[23-24]捕集成本相对较高[25] 85~95[26-28] 表 2 全球代表性机构船用碳捕集技术研究现状
Table 2. Current status of research on marine carbon capture technologies by global representative institutions
区域 第一作者单位 第一作者 发表
年份研究方法 主要研究内容 研究结果 国外 谢菲尔德大学(英国) Luo[30] 2017 模拟仿真计算 以乙醇胺(MEA)为吸收剂,研究船用燃烧后碳捕集技术脱除船基CO2的潜力 碳捕集效率可达73% 荷兰国家应用科学院
(荷兰)Feenstra[31] 2019 模拟仿真计算 分别以MEA和哌嗪(PZ)为吸收剂,对船用柴油发动机和船用LNG发动机脱除船基CO2进行经济分析 在60%碳捕集效率的条件下,柴油机最低碳捕集成本为389欧元/t,LNG发动机最低碳捕集成本为323欧元/t 克兰菲尔德大学(英国) Awoyomi[32] 2019 模拟仿真计算 以氨水为吸收剂,研究10.3 MW LNG船燃烧后碳捕集系统的捕集效果,并进行了经济分析 在90%的碳捕集效率前提下,最低碳捕集成本为117美元/t,液化天然气在气化过程中获得的冷能可以用于液化捕集后的CO2 波兰煤化学加工研究所(波兰) Marcin[6] 2021 模拟仿真计算 基于一艘47 000 t油轮,以MEA为吸收剂,研究燃烧后碳捕集技术降低船舶EEDI的潜力 燃烧后碳捕集技术具有巨大的降低EEDI潜力,且MEA溶液可同时脱除尾气中的含硫气体 阿德莱德大学
(澳大利亚)van Duc Long[33] 2021 模拟仿真计算 针对3 000 kW的船舶柴油发动机,以混合醇胺溶液为吸收剂,探究改进后的船用碳捕集技术的优化效果 与单一醇胺溶液相比,混合醇胺溶液有更高的碳捕集效率、更低的能耗 挪威科技工程研究院
(挪威)Einbu[34] 2021 模拟仿真计算 基于MEA的燃烧后碳捕集系统,对船舶发动机上捕集CO2所需能量进行综合评估 燃烧后碳捕集系统会增加船舶燃料消耗,LNG船会增加6%~9%的燃料消耗,传统柴油船会增加8%~12%的燃料消耗 皮里雷斯海事
大学(土耳其)Engin[35] 2021 模拟仿真计算 基于一家全球运营的船舶管理公司提供的数据,建立数学模型,从燃料价格、碳税等方面分析船用碳捕集技术的应用前景 更换替代能源、缴纳碳税的支出远远高于安装碳捕集系统的成本,船用碳捕集技术是一种具有成本效益的航运碳减排方案 韩国科学技术院(韩国) Lee[36] 2021 模拟仿真计算 基于一艘18.2 MW的集装箱船,以PZ活化的N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)为吸收剂,研究船用碳捕集技术降低EEDI的潜力 该技术可减少船舶尾气中70%以上的CO2,可满足当前在IMO规划中2050
年EEDI的要求首尔国立大学(韩国) Oh[37] 2021 模拟仿真计算 基于一艘LNG船,设计了一套膜吸收系统,用于船舶尾气中CO2的捕集 与醇胺法相比,该捕集系统的主尺寸较小,但捕集能耗和维护成本较高 国内 上海海事大学 王忠诚[38-39] 2021 模拟仿真计算+试验研究 优化船用6135型脱碳塔性能 当入口倾斜角度为15°、喷嘴喷雾锥角为90°、最上部的喷嘴向上喷射且高度与中部喷嘴位于同水平面时,碳捕集效率能够提高4.42% 哈尔滨工程大学 吴云金[40] 2022 模拟仿真计算 提出一种碳捕集、有机朗肯循环(ORC)等后处理方式与LNG发动机集成的方案,研究发动机不同工况下排气热量与碳捕集系统集成的可行性 当发动机以90%以上负荷运行时,可实现80%以上的碳捕集效率;计算结果表明ORC系统所输出净功满足联合系统用电设备需求 中国船级社 简炎钧[41] 2022 理论研究 研究废气碳捕集系统对EEDI的影响 提出安装碳捕集系统的船舶的EEDI计算公式 武汉理工大学 Zhang[42] 2023 模拟仿真计算 研究碳基材料吸附脱除LNG船舶尾气中CO2的能力,分析尾气中其他成分对CO2吸附效果的影响 大的碳质表面材料具有明显的CO2吸附作用,低浓度的CH4、H2O、NO可以促进CO2的吸附,O2、NO2会抑制CO2的吸附 表 3 船舶碳捕集相关参数
Table 3. Relevant parameters of ship carbon capture
参数 数值 夏季载重线吃水的载重/t 91 400 主机最大持续功率/kW 27 180 主机油耗率/〔g/(kW·h)〕 205 主机台数 1 辅机最大持续功率/kW 2 130 辅机油耗率/〔g/(kW·h)〕 280 辅机台数 2 集装箱船CII计算公式参数 a=1 984,c=0.489 集装箱船CII评级边界线参数 d1=0.83,d2=0.94,d3=1.07,d4=1.19 注:a、c为集装箱船的CII参考基线计算参数;d1、d2、d3、d4为集装箱船CII评级边界参数(以2019年IMO收集的集装箱船数据为样本,采用分位数回归方法估算得出)。 表 4 不同化学吸收剂对比
Table 4. Comparison of different chemical absorbents
吸收剂 特点 适用工况 解吸能耗/
(GJ/t)碳捕集
效率/%有机胺类
(MEA、AMP等)优点:吸收效率高,处理能力大,可循环利用,技术成熟。缺点:吸收
剂不能完全再生,解吸耗能高,设备腐蚀问题,胺类降解问题20~40 ℃、常压、低CO2浓度(20%以下)的气体 3.7 90以上 冷氨水溶液 优点:吸收速率快、吸收容量大,再生能耗低,可同时吸收多种酸性
污染物,无污染。缺点:氨水具有高挥发性,要考虑防漏、防爆问题0~10 ℃、常压、低CO2浓度
(20%以下)的气体2.5 80~99 热钾碱 优点:可用于多污染物捕集,毒性低,无挥发性,对设备腐蚀性小,
无管路系统污染。缺点:吸收速率较低,设备体积大,解吸耗能高40~110 ℃、加压、CO2浓度
在10%以上的气体2.5 强碱(NaOH、KOH等) 优点:碱性强,吸收效果好,价格低廉,反应不可逆,反应稳定。
缺点:吸水性强,易潮解,再生困难常温、常压气体 无需
解吸85以上 -
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