Analysis of temperature characteristics and influencing factors of the stormwater runoff in typical catchment in Beijing
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摘要:
城市化发展导致不透水地表面积率大幅攀升，由此带来的一系列问题逐渐受到人们关注，夏季城市汇水区域地表产生高温径流后汇入下游受纳水体所造成的雨水径流热污染，对水生态、水环境造成不良影响的风险尤为突出。选取北京市典型汇水区域，对2021—2022年多场降雨径流出流温度进行监测与分析，并对气象因素、下垫面温度及管道内径流热量等数据进行同步采集，运用皮尔逊相关系数法分析其影响因素。结果表明：研究区域夏季降雨常出现雨水径流温度升高现象，降水量小于12.5 mm、降雨历时短于250 min的降雨场次更易于升温，升温幅度最高可达4.1 ℃；径流温度升高往往出现在径流过程初期，温度达峰平均时间为38 min；径流是否升温与降雨强度峰值位置之间没有明显关系；气温、不透水地表初始时刻温度、降雨历时及降水量是雨水径流温度的极显著影响因素（P<0.01）；降雨期间气温、降雨历时、不透水地表初始时刻温度和管道内壁温度4个指标，可以基本解释研究区域96.7%的径流温度输出情况。
Abstract:With the development of urbanization, the rate of impervious surface area has increased greatly, and a series of problems have attracted more and more attention. The risk of adverse impacts on the water ecology and water environment has become more and more prominent in the summer when the surface of the urban catchment produces high temperature runoff and then sinks into the downstream receiving water bodies caused by the thermal pollution of stormwater runoff. A typical catchment in Beijing was selected to monitor and analyze the runoff temperature of several rainfall events from 2021 to 2022. The data of meteorological factors, underlying surface temperature and pipeline runoff heat were collected simultaneously, and the Pearson correlation coefficient method was applied to analyze the influencing factors. The results showed that the temperature of stormwater runoff often increased in summer rainfall in the study area, and rainfall events with precipitation less than 12.5 mm and durations shorter than 250 min were more prone to warming, with a maximum warming of 4.1 ℃. Runoff temperature increases tended to occur at the beginning of the runoff process, with an average time to peak of 38 min, and there was no obvious relationship between the temperature rise and the peak location of rainfall intensity. The highly significant (P<0.01) influencing factors of stormwater runoff temperature included air temperature, precipitation, rainfall duration, and the impervious surface temperature at the initial moment of rainfall. The four indicators of air temperature during rainfall, rainfall duration, impervious surface temperature, and pipe wall temperature at the initial moment could explain 96.7% of the runoff temperature output in the study area.
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Key words:
- stormwater runoff /
- monitoring /
- runoff temperature /
- correlation analysis /
- multiple linear regression
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图 2 2021—2022年监测期间研究区域月平均气温、湿度以及绿地表面和管道内壁温度对比
Figure 2. Comparison of monthly mean air temperature, humidity, green surface temperature and pipe wall temperature in the study area for the monitoring period of 2021-2022
图 3 汇水区域单场降雨累计径流热量占比随累计径流量占比的变化
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of variation of cumulative runoff heat with cumulative runoff for single rainfall event in the catchment
图 4 降雨前不透水地表温度快速下降示例（第2场次）
注：垂直虚线表示降雨开始。
Figure 4. Example of rapid decrease of impervious surface temperature before rainfall (event 2)
图 5 EMT的监测值与模型一、模型二计算值对比
Figure 5. Comparison of EMT monitoring values, model 1 calculated values and model 2 calculated values
表 1 2021—2022年23场有效降雨的特征及降雨过程中气象指标
Table 1. Characteristics of 23 effective rainfall events and meteorological indicators during rainfall from 2021-2022
日期 场次 降水量/
mm开始
时刻降雨历时/
min最大瞬时降雨
强度/(mm/h)雨中平均
气温/℃雨中平均
相对湿度/%雨中平均露点
温度/℃雨中平均
风速/m雨中平均太阳
辐射强度/(W/m2)2021-07-27 1 7.6 02:10 45 24.0 25.7 92.9 24.4 1.8 0.0 2 10.8 17:15 240 14.4 24.9 92.2 23.3 1.6 9.8 2021-08-04 3 4.6 03:40 205 4.8 23.9 93.2 22.3 1.5 0.0 2021-08-09 4 16.6 19:25 75 115.2 19.5 88.0 17.1 4.5 0.0 2021-08-14 5 6.2 06:45 80 31.2 22.5 88.7 20.2 1.6 57.0 6 5.4 15:45 125 36.0 26.1 78.4 21.7 1.4 115.1 7 11.4 20:10 80 57.6 22.2 89.1 20.0 1.4 0.0 2021-08-19 8 38.4 06:25 745 9.6 20.2 92.2 18.6 0.7 63.7 2021-09-19 9 58.0 12:00 1 490 9.6 17.0 97.1 16.4 2.8 29.8 2021-09-24 10 23.6 23:15 755 26.4 19.3 98.2 18.9 1.7 27.3 2022-06-12 11 2.4 22:15 70 14.4 20.0 86.0 17.2 3.3 0.0 2022-06-22 12 3.0 09:35 90 4.8 24.2 86.1 21.4 1.4 169.1 2022-06-27 13 6.6 01:55 90 16.8 22.6 88.5 19.1 1.3 0.0 2022-06-28 14 8.6 00:30 150 9.6 23.2 90.8 21.3 1.6 0.0 15 53.6 22:35 615 33.6 21.1 91.2 19.4 1.1 42.3 2022-07-03 16 10.4 15:15 565 9.6 23.8 93.4 22.5 1.6 39.2 2022-07-05 17 4.2 15:20 40 14.4 24.9 83.9 21.7 3.9 49.3 2022-07-06 18 7.2 04:30 150 7.2 23.0 87.7 20.4 2.0 7.9 2022-07-10 19 32.4 00:55 465 28.8 20.4 89.0 18.2 1.2 22.1 2022-07-12 20 10.0 00:15 250 16.8 21.7 91.2 20.4 2.8 0.0 2022-07-22 21 7.6 22:00 200 7.2 22.3 85.7 19.4 2.3 0.0 2022-07-27 22 3.6 14:15 105 7.2 24.3 90.3 22.4 2.0 190.4 2022-08-21 23 12.2 20:35 205 28.8 24.8 90.4 22.9 2.1 0.0 注：日期后有2场或3场的，表示按降雨场次划分标准同一天发生了多场降雨。 
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表 2 2021—2022年23场有效降雨的雨水管道内径流温度和地表温度
Table 2. Pipe runoff temperature and surface temperature for 23 effective rainfall events from 2021-2022
日期 场次 场降雨平
均温度/℃径流最大
升温
幅度/℃温度达峰
时间/min初始时刻 降雨过程中 降雨开始前 地表温度/℃ 雨水管道
内壁温度/℃道路平均
温度/℃绿地
平均温度/℃3 h道路平
均温度/℃1 h道路平
均温度/℃0.5 h道路平
均温度/℃2021-07-27 1 27.3 2.6 20 29.2 24.9 28.4 27.4 30.5 29.8 29.5 2 26.4 1.7 35 30.6 24.9 28.4 26.6 31.7 31.6 31.2 2021-08-04 3 26.0 1.1 45 28.6 25.1 27.6 26.3 30.2 29.6 29.3 2021-08-09 4 24.2 — 34.1 25.6 29.5 25.1 37.5 35.2 34.9 2021-08-14 5 25.7 0.1 5 27.8 25.8 27.2 24.8 27.8 27.8 27.7 6 27.5 1.8 20 32.8 26.0 30.8 28.0 33.7 33.5 33.4 7 25.6 — 27.6 26.0 27.1 25.9 29.0 28.4 28.1 2021-08-19 8 23.6 — 25.8 25.7 24.1 23.4 26.6 26.2 26.1 2021-09-19 9 19.1 — 20.6 24.3 19.3 19.1 20.6 20.5 20.6 2021-09-24 10 21.2 — 24.2 23.8 21.7 20.9 25.2 24.6 24.4 2022-06-12 11 22.1 0.5 20 24.7 21.9 22.8 21.1 25.4 24.8 24.8 2022-06-22 12 24.4 2.4 30 26.1 22.4 25.7 24.5 27.1 26.9 26.3 2022.06.27 13 24.0 0.9 60 24.8 23.0 24.3 23.7 25.2 25.2 25.2 2022-06-28 14 24.8 1.7 95 27.3 23.3 25.8 24.5 27.8 27.5 27.4 15 23.3 1.1 20 26.3 23.3 23.2 21.2 26.8 26.4 26.4 2022-07-03 16 24.4 0.4 110 25.1 24.0 24.3 23.4 25.0 25.1 25.1 2022-07-05 17 27.7 4.3 35 43.4 24.4 41.2 29.8 44.2 45.5 44.9 2022-07-06 18 24.4 — 24.2 24.1 24.0 23.2 24.6 24.2 24.2 2022-07-10 19 23.4 0.9 20 27.5 24.1 24.4 22.9 29.4 28.2 28.1 2022-07-12 20 24.4 0.4 15 25.2 24.2 23.4 22.7 25.7 25.3 25.2 2022-07-22 21 25.3 1.0 10 28.5 25.0 25.9 24.7 31.1 29.4 29.0 2022-07-27 22 26.3 0.9 55 28.1 25.6 27.3 25.8 27.4 27.9 28.1 2022-08-21 23 26.7 0.7 55 28.3 26.6 26.9 24.9 30.4 28.7 28.5 注：—表示该场次为未升温场次，即雨水管道内径流自降雨开始时持续降温场次，同时该场降雨不存在径流温度达峰时间。
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表 3 所有场次、升温场次、升温大于1.0 ℃场次中EMT及各影响因素的平均值对比
Table 3. Comparison of mean values of EMT and each influencing factor in all events, warming events, and events with warming greater than 1.0 ℃
场次 平均降
水量/mm平均降雨
历时/min平均
EMT/℃初始时刻不透水
地表平均
温度/℃雨中平均
气温/℃所有场次 15.0 297 24.7 27.9 22.5 升温场次 11.1 208 25.3 28.5 23.4 升温大于
1.0 ℃场次11.7 190 25.9 30.3 24.0
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表 4 EMT与下垫面因素、管道因素的相关系数（r）
Table 4. Correlation coefficient of EMT with subsurface factor and pipe factor
降雨前3 h道路
平均温度降雨前1 h道路
平均温度降雨前0.5 h道路
平均温度道路初始时刻
温度降雨期间道路
平均温度降雨期间绿地
平均温度管道内壁初始
时刻温度0.676** 0.690** 0.690** 0.702** 0.785** 0.940** 0.505* 注：*表示P<0.05，显著相关；**表示P<0.01，极显著相关。全文同。
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表 5 EMT与气象因素的相关系数（r）
Table 5. Correlation coefficient （r）of EMT and meteorological factors
平均气温 平均
相对湿度平均
露点温度平均
风速平均
太阳辐射降水量 降雨
历时平均
降雨强度最大
降雨强度0.896** −0.496* 0.789** −0.066 0.162 −0.641** −0.739** 0.230 0.045
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表 6 逐步多元线性回归结果
Table 6. Stepwise multiple linear regression results
序号 多元线性回归模型 R2 F检验 显著性 1 $ \mathrm{EMT}=6.973^{\mathrm{*}}+0.787X_1^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}} $ 0.794 85.8 <0.001 2 $ \mathrm{EMT}_{\mathrm{ }}=5.844^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}+0.638X_1^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}+0.161X_2^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}} $ 0.888 88.1 <0.001 3 $ \mathrm{EMT}_{\mathrm{ }}=-2.422+0.614X_1^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}+0.131X_2^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}+0.393X_3^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}} $ 0.938 112.3 <0.001 4 $ \mathrm{EMT_{\mathrm{ }}}=-0.097+0.501X_1^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}+0.101X_2^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}+0.453X_3^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}-0.001X_4^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}} $ 0.967 160.9 <0.001 注：X1为平均气温，℃；$ {X}_{2} $为不透水地表初始时刻温度，℃；$ {X}_{3} $为管道内壁初始时刻温度，℃；$ {X}_{4} $为降雨历时，min。
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