微生物燃料电池工作原理及产电性能提升策略

蒋进元; 张月; 何绪文; 谭伟; 宋浩洋; 石冬妮; 赵洪兵

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230563

微生物燃料电池工作原理及产电性能提升策略

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230563

蒋进元^1,,
张月^{1, 2, ,},
何绪文²,
谭伟¹,
宋浩洋¹,
石冬妮¹,
赵洪兵³

1.
中国环境科学研究院环境污染控制工程技术研究中心
2.
中国矿业大学（北京）化学与环境工程学院
3.
四川省广元生态环境监测中心站

基金项目: 黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究项目(2022-YRUC-01-0203)；广元市长江水生态环境保护研究项目(2022-LHYJ-02-0509-06)

详细信息

作者简介:
蒋进元（1974—），男，研究员，博士，主要从事水污染控制技术研究，jiangjy@craes.org.cn

通讯作者:
张月（1999—），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水污染控制技术研究，zhang08150924@163.com

中图分类号: X703
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-07-30
- 录用日期: 2023-12-29
- 修回日期: 2023-10-11

Working principle of microbial fuel cell and strategies for enhancing power generation performance

1.
Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)
3.
Sichuan Guangyuan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station

摘要

摘要:
微生物燃料电池（MFC）是一种解决其他能源在环境方面不足的新技术，目前低能量输出是MFC实际应用的关键瓶颈。基于MFC工作原理，提出微生物活性差、电子迁移阻力、质子传输阻力及阴极还原反应缓慢是MFC能量输出的限制因素，并从以下5个方面综述了提升MFC产电性能策略：调节pH和选择最佳盐度，加强微生物代谢活性；改性阳极材料，降低电子迁移阻力；增强电解液电导率、优化隔膜材料及缩短电极间距减小质子传输阻力；制备高效阴极催化剂和选择优异电子受体加快阴极还原反应速率；改进MFC反应器构型，提高整体产电性能。未来，可在合成新型阴极催化剂、降低膜污染、优化微生物生长环境、制备优异的电极材料和改进MFC反应器配置5个方面开展重点研究。
- 微生物燃料电池（MFC） /
- 产电性能 /
- 输出功率 /
- 微生物活性 /
- 策略
Abstract:
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a new technology that addresses the environmental deficiencies of other energy sources. At present, low energy output is a key bottleneck in the practical application of MFC. Based on the working principle of MFC, it was proposed that poor microbial activity, resistance to electron migration, proton transfer resistance, slow cathodic reduction reaction were the limiting factors for the energy output of MFC. The strategies for improving MFC electricity production performance were summarized from the following five aspects: adjusting pH and selecting the optimal salinity to enhance microbial metabolic activity; modifying anode materials to reduce electron migration resistance; enhancing electrolyte conductivity, optimizing membrane materials, and shortening electrode spacing to reduce proton transfer resistance; preparing efficient cathode catalysts and selecting excellent electron acceptors to accelerate the cathodic reduction reaction rate; and improving the configuration of MFC reactor to improve overall power generation performance. In the future, key research could be carried out in five areas, including synthesis of new cathode catalysts, reduction of membrane pollution, optimization of microbial growth environment, preparation of excellent electrode materials, and improvement of MFC reactor configuration.
- microbial fuel cells (MFC) /
- performance of power generation /
- output power /
- microbial activity /
- strategies

HTML全文

图 1 WoS中关于微生物燃料电池技术研究的年发文量

Figure 1. Annual publications on research on microbial fuel cell technology in WoS

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图 2 MFC工作原理示意^[26]

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of MFC working principle

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图 3 阳极电子转移示意^[43]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of anode electron transfer

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图 4 双室MFC中陶瓷膜传递质子结构示意^[54]

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of proton transfer structure through ceramic membranes in dual chamber MFC

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图 5 ORR的2种途径^[81]

Figure 5. Two ways of ORR

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图 6 MFC反应器构型

Figure 6. Configurations of MFC reactor

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表 1 MFC结构

Table 1. Structure of MFC

组件	组成和功能
阳极室	由阳极电极和微生物组成，容纳污水，是微生物降解底物的场所
阴极室	由阴极电极和电催化剂组成，是阴极还原反应发生的场所
阳极	一般采用碳基电极作为阳极电极，如碳布或碳纸，阳极电极与金属丝连接，以收集细菌氧化过程中产生的电子，并将电子提供给阴极电极
阴极	通常采用涂有活性催化剂的碳基电极作为阴极电极，将各种铂、非铂、杂原子掺杂的催化剂用作还原反应催化剂，以加速阴极还原反应动力学
电解液	从阳极室到阴极室产生的质子由电解液转移
燃料	各种有机来源均可作为MFC的燃料，如生活污水和各种工业废水
微生物	将底物氧化为CO₂，产生电子，并将电子从电池内部转移到阳极表面^[20]
隔膜	阻隔阳极室和阴极室，具有传导质子的作用

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表 2 MFC影响因素及对应措施

Table 2. MFC influencing factors and corresponding measures

序号	工作原理	限速步骤	影响因素	策略方法
1	阳极室中微生物分解废水中有机物，产生CO₂、H⁺和电子	底物降解	微生物活性	调节pH或选择最佳盐度
2	电子从微生物传递到阳极，并通过外电路传递到阴极，从而产生电流	电子转移	阳极材料	改性阳极材料
3	H⁺通过隔膜从阳极到达阴极	质子传递	膜	优化膜材料
			电极间距	缩短电极间距
			电解液	加强电解液电导率
4	在阴极上H⁺与电子受体和电子反应生成水	阴极还原反应	催化剂	制备高效催化剂
4	在阴极上H⁺与电子受体和电子反应生成水	阴极还原反应	电子受体	选择优异电子受体

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表 3 不同MFC反应器构型的优缺点

Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of different MFC configurations

MFC构型	优点	缺点
单室MFC	结构简单，采用空气阴极，直接以O₂作为电子受体，不需定期更换阴极电解液，两极间距小	只有1个电极室，不利于单独研究，有的缺乏质子交换膜的隔离，阴极催化剂容易受到微生物的污染^[95]
H型MFC	保证了两极室的空间独立性，避免了相互干扰	电极间距大，传质阻力大，需要人工曝气，溶解氧浓度低，氧还原反应动力学缓慢
平板型MFC	采用PEM电极组件，电极间距较短，促进了电极之间的质子转移^[96]，最大限度减少了内阻；两极室采用蛇形流场板，强化了液体流动，增强了物质基质的传输^[97]	O₂容易渗透到阳极
上流式MFC	提高了阳极接触面积，不用设搅拌设备^[98]	人工曝气额外消耗能量，溶解氧浓度低
圆筒形MFC	离子交换膜面积大，电极间距小，启动快，电池阻抗低；阳极上附着的生物量多，电化学活性高^[90]	人工曝气额外消耗能量，溶解氧浓度低

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表 4 不同MFC反应器构型产电性能

Table 4. Electricity generation performance of different MFC reactor configurations

MFC类型	是否存在 PEM	电极间距/ cm	PEM 面积/ cm²	离子强度/ （mmol/L）	内阻/Ω	功率密度/ （W/m²）	数据来源
单室	是	4	16	68	390	0.354	文献[20]
单室	是	0	16	68	120	1.18	文献[20]
H型双室	是	12	7	68	1 800	0.031	文献[20]
	是	10	6	1.7	310±65	0.069	文献[86]
	否	5		1.7	200±50	0.23	文献[52]
平板式	是	0		3.9	45.3±6.5	12.9	文献[99]
上流式					17	29.2	文献[100]
上流式					84	3.1	文献[89]
圆筒型	否	1		50	49.66	1.364	文献[101]

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