Ecosystem health assessment and improvement strategies of Zhaolan Xin River
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摘要:
为诊断肇兰新河的水环境问题,从水质、底质、水生态状况3个方面开展对肇兰新河流域为期1年(2021年夏季—2022年春季)的系统调研、监测与数据分析。采用多指标综合分析法,构建三层次递阶评价体系,选取物理完整性、水资源与安全、水质等7项指标构建肇兰新河河流生态系统健康综合评价指标体系,评价其健康状况。结果表明:肇兰新河源头青肯泡污染严重,干流沿岸以农业面源污染为主,水生态系统受到人类干扰强度较高,河流生态系统脆弱。肇兰新河河流健康总体评价得分为0.26,介于0.20~0.40,等级评级为“差”,其中河流上游、中游和下游健康总体评价的7个方面得分均低于0.4,部分评分低于0.2,评价等级为“差”或“极差”。从河流管理、水污染控制和水生态修复方面提出治理策略,采取优化断面布设、深度控制污染来源、清淤治理等措施改善肇兰新河生态环境。
Abstract:In order to identify the water environmental problems in the Zhaolan Xin River, a systematic survey, monitoring and data analysis on water quality, substrate and water ecology from summer 2021 to spring 2022 were conducted. A three-level hierarchical evaluation system was constructed by a multi-index comprehensive analysis method, seven aspects, including physical integrity, water resources and safety, water quality, etc., were selected to build a comprehensive assessment index system for the health of the river ecosystem of the Zhaolan Xin River, and its health status was evaluated. The results showed that Qingken Lake, the source of the Zhaolan Xin River, was with serious pollution, and the mainstream pollution was mainly from agricultural non-point sources. The water ecosystem was subject to high levels of human disturbance, and the river ecosystem was fragile. The overall health evaluation score of the Zhaolan Xin River was 0.26, ranging from 0.20 to 0.40, and the rating was "poor". Among them, the overall health evaluation scores of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river were all lower than 0.4 in all the seven aspects, with some scores below 0.2, and the evaluation rating was "poor" or "extremely poor". It was proposed that the future governance strategy should focus on three aspects, i.e. river management, water pollution control and water ecological restoration, and measures of optimizing section layout, deeply controlling pollution sources and dredging should be implemented to achieve improvement of ecological environment in the Zhaolan Xin River in the future.
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表 1 肇兰新河健康评价指标体系及权重
Table 1. Health assessment index system and specific weight of indicators for the Zhaolan Xin River
目标层 准则层 指标层 指标 权重 指标 权重 指标 权重 具体评价参数 河流水环境与水生态良好指数
(自然生态健康系统)0.60 物理结构完整性指标 0.10 河流连续性 0.30 河流连续性 河岸带状况 0.40 河岸带状况 河流生态空间 0.30 河流生态空间 水资源与水安全指标 0.10 水资源结构与水资源量 0.20 水资源结构与水资源量 流量变异程度 0.20 流量变异程度 河道过流能力 0.30 河道过流能力 河岸堤防能力 0.30 河岸堤防能力 水质指标 0.30 水体整体观感 0.20 浊度 水质基本理化性质 0.20 溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP) 水质营养状况 0.20 TP、TN、NH3-N 水质有机污染状况 0.20 CODCr、BOD5 水质毒害状况 0.20 相对抑光率 底质指标 0.30 底质营养盐 0.30 TP、TN 底质有机质 0.30 有机质(OM) 底质毒害状况 0.40 相对抑光率 水生态质量指标 0.20 浮游动物多样性 0.25 香浓-维纳多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、
浮游动物密度浮游植物多样性 0.25 浮游植物生物完整性指数(IBI) 底栖动物多样性 0.25 大型底栖动物生物完整性指数(IBI) 鱼类资源量 0.25 鱼类资源量 河流综合外部条件良好指数
(社会服务功能系统)0.40 流域社会经济条件 0.50 流域产业结构平衡指数 0.30 流域产业结构平衡指数 流域生态空间平衡指数 0.30 流域生态空间平衡指数 流域污染负荷压力状况 0.40 流域污染负荷压力状况 河流治理管控情况 0.50 环保资金与项目投入力度 0.30 环保资金与项目投入力度 综合监测执法能力 0.30 综合监测执法能力 流域管理体制建设 0.40 流域管理体制建设 表 2 肇兰新河健康等级划分标准
Table 2. Health classification standards for the Zhaolan Xin River
健康等级 得分 具体评价 极好 0.8~1.0 水生态系统未受到或仅受到极小的人为干扰,并且接近水生态系统的自然状况 好 0.6~0.8 水生态系统受到较小的人类干扰,极少数对人为活动最敏感的物种有一定程度的丧失 一般 0.4~0.6 水生态系统受到中等程度的人类干扰,大部分对人为活动干扰敏感的物种丧失,水生生物群落以中等耐污物种占据优势 差 0.2~0.4 水生态系统受到人类干扰强度高,对人为活动敏感的物种全部丧失,水生生物群落中等耐污和耐污种占据优势,群落呈现单一化趋势 极差 0~0.2 水生态系统受到人为干扰严重,水生生物群落以耐污物种占据绝对优势 表 3 肇兰新河水环境指标参照值和临界值
Table 3. Reference value and critical value of water environment indexes for the Zhaolan Xin River
指标类别 评价指标 参数 青肯泡 上游 中游 下游 参照值 临界值 参照值 临界值 参照值 临界值 参照值 临界值 水质 整体观感 TDS/(mg/L) 3 004 3 557 8 664 8 981 8 145 8 749 5 633 5 814 基本理化 ORP/mV 69 97 338 404 228 284 361 363 DO/(mg/L) 12.66 12.7 12.88 15.41 10.24 10.28 10.84 11.21 营养盐 TP/(mg/L) 1.11 1.47 3.13 3.98 3.02 4.37 1.65 1.66 TN/ (mg/L) 8.88 10.50 13.55 13.64 11.42 11.68 9.41 9.81 NH3-N/(mg/L) 0.87 1.05 3.31 4.53 3.17 3.47 2.80 2.89 有机污染 BOD5/(mg/L) 11.38 16.47 12.99 15.20 9.57 11.42 7.30 10.37 CODCr/(mg/L) 79.75 81.25 69.75 72.67 83.50 92.75 54.00 56.50 毒害 相对抑光率/% 35 39 54 59 65 68 71 71 底质 营养盐 TP/(mg/L) 1 741.35 1 925.55 1 207.17 1 466.63 1 759.77 3 325.77 1 630.83 7 783.11 TN/(mg/L) 1 256.08 1 784.15 1 593.99 2 051.23 1 477.42 3 889.93 1 024.43 4 781.05 有机质 OM/% 12.50 14.90 10.00 18.00 6.40 8.00 9.20 10.90 毒害 相对抑光率/% 45 64 37 43 44 46 47 64 水生态质量 浮游植物多样性 浮游植物生物完整性指数 3.01 0.16 2.53 0.13 4.51 0.24 4.75 0.25 浮游动物指数 多样性指数 3.80 0.20 4.12 0.22 6.18 0.33 6.65 0.35 底栖动物多样性 大型底栖动物生物完整性指数 3.01 0.16 2.85 0.15 5.23 0.28 4.28 0.23 鱼类资源量 鱼类资源量/(kg/km2) 4.12 0.22 5.70 0.30 3.33 0.18 表 4 肇兰新河健康总评价综合得分表
Table 4. Comprehensive health assessment composite score for the Zhaolan Xin River
目标层 准则层 指标层 各单元指标层评价得分 青肯泡 上游 中游 下游 河流水环境与水生态良好指数 物理结构完整性 河流连续性 0.27 0.27 0.45 0.36 河岸带状况 0.48 0.36 0.36 0.48 河流生态空间 0.54 0.36 0.36 0.36 水资源与水安全 水资源结构与水资源量 0.30 0.24 0.24 0.24 流量变异程度 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 河道过流能力 0.36 0.27 0.36 0.36 河岸堤防能力 0.54 0.27 0.36 0.36 水质 水体整体观感 0.67 0.23 0.14 0.08 水质基本理化性质 0.12 0.63 0.46 0.19 水质营养状况 0.13 0.15 0.02 0.35 水质有机污染状况 0.39 0.34 0.21 0.18 水质毒害状况 0.39 0.25 0.14 0.14 底质 底质营养盐 0.16 0.15 0.05 0.07 底质有机质 0.16 0.07 0.16 0.10 底质毒害状况 0.10 0.27 0.10 0.44 水生态质量 浮游动物多样性 0.62 0.38 0.33 0.29 浮游植物多样性 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 底栖动物多样性 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 鱼类资源量 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.06 河流综合外部条件良好指数 流域社会经济条件 流域产业结构平衡指数 0.45 0.45 0.38 0.38 流域生态空间平衡指数 0.45 0.30 0.23 0.23 流域污染负荷压力状况 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.30 河流治理管控情况 环保资金与项目投入力度 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.23 综合监测执法能力 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.23 流域管理体制建设 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.30 综合得分 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.24 -
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