Influencing factors of partial denitrification to enhance nitrogen removal and its coupled process application progress
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摘要:
短程反硝化（PD）工艺作为脱氮的前端工艺以其效率高、能耗低以及温室气体排放量少等优点而备受青睐，成为近年来研究热点。短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化（PD/A）工艺是一种新型生物脱氮工艺，不仅在氮循环中发挥着重要作用，而且在节能和环保方面具有很高的经济和实用价值。基于已有研究成果，介绍了PD工艺的研究现状，分析了不同接种污泥对PD工艺启动的影响；从磁效应、碳源、碳氮比（C/N）以及铁炭比等方面进行评述，揭示了关键影响因子对PD工艺强化脱氮过程中微生物群落结构、关键酶活性和细胞代谢途径的影响机理；浅析了PD/A工艺不同耦合形式的特点，对耦合工艺处理城市生活污水、养殖废水和垃圾渗滤液等实际废水的研究与应用进展进行总结；最后，展望了PD/A工艺在污水脱氮处理方面的前景，并结合现有研究提出了PD/A工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的潜在工程应用方案，认为克服PD工艺的影响因素及优化PD/A的参数以提升工艺运行的高效性和稳定性是未来研究的重点方向。
Abstract:As a front-end process for nitrogen removal, partial denitrification (PD) has been favored due to its advantages, such as high efficiency, low energy consumption, and low greenhouse gas emission. It has become a research hotspot in recent years. Partial denitrification coupled anammox process (PD/A) is a new biological nitrogen removal process, which not only plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle, but also holds high economic and practical value in terms of energy saving and environmental protection. The research status of PD process was introduced, and the influence of different inoculated sludge on PD process start-up was analyzed, based on existing research results. The magnetic effect, carbon source, C/N and iron-carbon ratio were reviewed to elucidate the mechanism of the influence of key factors on microbial community structure, key enzyme activity and cell metabolic pathways during enhanced nitrogen removal by PD process. The characteristics of different coupling forms of PD/A process were analyzed, and the research and application progress of the coupling process in treating practical wastewater such as municipal sewage, aquaculture wastewater and landfill leachate were summarized. Finally, the outlook of PD/A process in wastewater nitrogen removal treatment was prospected, and the potential engineering application scheme of PD/A process in landfill leachate treatment was proposed. It was considered that the key direction of future research was to overcome the influencing factors of PD and optimize the parameters of PD/A to enhance the efficiency and stability of the process.
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Key words:
- partial denitrification(PD) /
- influencing factor /
- Anammox /
- coupled process /
- engineering application
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图 1 PD/A反应机理
Nar—硝酸盐还原酶；Nir—亚硝酸盐还原酶；HZO—联氨氧化酶；HH—联氨水解酶；PDB—短程反硝化细菌；AnAOB—厌氧氨氧化细菌。
Figure 1. PD/A reaction mechanism
图 2 铁元素参与氮转化过程
Feammox—铁还原氨氧化；NDFO—铁型反硝化。
Figure 2. Nitrogen conversion process involving iron elements
图 3 PN+PD/A处理垃圾渗滤液工艺流程
Figure 3. PN+PD/A process flow chart of landfill leachate treatment
表 1 不同碳源下${\rm NO}_2^-{\text{-N}} $的积累情况
Table 1. Accumulation of ${\rm NO}_2^-{\text{-N}} $ of different carbon sources
碳源类型 碳源 接种污泥 运行条件 进水${\rm NO}_3^-{\text{-N}} $
浓度/(mg/L)${\rm NO}_3^-{\text{-N}} $
去除率/%NAR/% 功能菌属 数据来源 小分子碳源 乙酸钠 污水处理厂二沉池污泥 SBR反应器，
温度为25 ℃，
pH为9.0，C/N为2.560 84.91 87.01 Thauera 文献[29] 葡萄糖 污水处理厂缺氧池污泥 SBR反应器，
pH为6.8~7.2，C/N为1125 99 97 Competibacter、
Thaurea文献[30] 乙醇 实验室培养良好的污泥 SBR反应器，
不控制温度，
C/N为1.77800 99.3 99 Thaurea 文献[31] 甘油 以甘油为碳源培养的污泥 SBR反应器，
温度为17~27 ℃，
pH为7.0~7.540 >90 87.3 Saccharibacteria 文献[32] 大分子碳源 淀粉 污水处理厂澄清池污泥 SBR反应器，
温度为28~30 ℃，
C/N为6.440 98 81.1 Dechloromonas、
Thauera文献[33] 复杂碳源 城市污水+少量
乙酸钠实验室培养良好的污泥 SBR反应器，
温度为26 ℃,
C/N为3.040 97.9 85.6 Brocadia 文献[9] 污泥发酵液 实验室缺氧污泥 SBR反应器，
温度为18~23℃，
C/N为4.030 99 80 文献[34] 垃圾渗滤液+
生活污水ASBR反应器，
温度为20~22 ℃，
pH为7.0~7.5，C/N为3.240±5 92 70 Thauera 文献[35] 
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表 2 PD/A工艺的实际应用
Table 2. Practical application of PD/A process
污水种类 污水特性 污泥
类型处理
工艺运行条件 ${\rm NH}_4^+{\text{-N}} $
去除率/
%${\rm NO}_3^-{\text{-N}} $
去除率/
%NAR/% TN
去除率/
%功能菌属 数据来源 城市生活
污水低C/N 短程反硝化污泥 分离式
PD/ASBR反应器，
UASB反应器，
HRT为2.0~2.3 h，
温度为14.8~28.2 ℃92.8 95.8 80 91.2 Thauera、
Jettenia、
Brocadia文献[51] 短程硝化
悬浮污泥PN/A-EPD/A工艺 一体式固定膜
序批式反应器
（IFAS-SBR），
温度为（30±1）℃，
HRT为12 h90 77.4 90.1 Brocadia、
Competibacter文献[52] 养殖废水 高COD、
高氨氮厌氧氨氧化污泥、反硝化污泥 一体式
PD/AUASB反应器，
温度为30 ℃，
pH为8.0，
HRT为24 h93.13 89.42 Thauera、
Brocadia文献[53] 反硝化污泥、
厌氧污泥一体式
PD/AUASB反应器，
温度为31~35 ℃，
HRT为24 h88.2 84.2 Brocadia 文献[54] 垃圾渗
滤液高C/N，
生化性差短程硝化
污泥一体式
PD/ASBR反应器，
温度为（30±1）℃，
C/N为3.080 90 75.6 84.8 Thauera、
Brocadia文献[55] 污水处理厂剩余污泥 PVA/SA凝胶一体式PD/A SBR反应器，
乙酸钠为碳源，
温度为13 ℃，
C/N为3.0±0.190 95 86.8 90 Thauera、
Kuenenia文献[56]
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