天津市农田土壤重金属来源及健康风险评价

朱玲; 刘琨; 李兰兰; 苑红丹; 赵美姿; 李炜

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230770

天津市农田土壤重金属来源及健康风险评价

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230770

天津市生态环境监测中心

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42371485）

详细信息

作者简介:
朱玲（1982—），女，工程师，主要从事县域生态环境监测研究，mehelene@126.com

通讯作者:
刘琨（1990—），男，硕士研究生，主要从事农村与生态监测研究，740157108@qq.com

中图分类号: X825
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-10-23
- 录用日期: 2024-03-08
- 修回日期: 2024-02-29
- 网络出版日期: 2024-04-18

Source and health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil of Tianjin City

Tianjin Eco-environmental Monitoring Center

摘要

摘要:
为揭示城市周边蔬菜粮食种植区土壤重金属风险，同时针对目前研究中缺少经手-口摄入、呼吸途径和皮肤接触暴露途径引起的人体健康风险及估算不同来源下量化的成人和儿童的健康风险情况，以天津市西青区农田表层土壤为研究对象，分析了Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、As、Hg、Cd共8种重金属的浓度，采用主成分分析（PCA）、正定矩阵分解（PMF）、健康风险评价模型（PMF-HRA）分别评价土壤重金属污染程度、来源及健康风险，厘定主要的重金属污染物及其暴露途径。结果表明：天津市农用地土壤8种重金属中Cd、Hg污染最为严重，均值分别超出背景值151.9%、324.1%，约有15%的点位处于中度至重度污染等级。研究区土壤重金属污染的来源主要包括自然成土过程、农业生产和交通运输、燃煤、农药使用。Cd（农药源）和Hg（燃煤源）是研究区农用地土壤污染的重要元素。在摄食农作物、手-口摄入和皮肤接触3种暴露途径下，均不存在显著的非致癌健康风险。自然源的总致癌风险指数（TCR）最高，Cr元素是源贡献中儿童非致癌风险总指数（HI）和儿童TCR的主要贡献者；燃煤源中Hg对HI的贡献最大，Cu和Zn对HI的贡献来自于农药和交通混合源。以上重金属元素的污染来源均与周围居民的工业、农业及交通活动存在密切的联系，应引起重视。
- 农田 /
- 土壤重金属 /
- 主成分分析 /
- PMF-HRA模型 /
- 健康风险评价
Abstract:
To reveal the heavy metal risks in the soil of vegetable and grain planting areas around the city, and to address the current lack of research on human health risks caused by hand mouth intake, respiratory pathways, and skin contact exposure pathways, as well as to estimate the health risks of adults and children from different sources, the surface soil of farmland in Xiqing District, Tianjin City was taken as the research object, and the concentrations of 8 heavy metals including Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA), positive definite matrix factorization (PMF), and health risk assessment model (PMF-HRA) were used to evaluate the degree, sources, and health risks of soil heavy metal pollution, and to identify the main heavy metal pollutants and their exposure pathways. The results show that Cd and Hg pollution is the most severe among the 8 heavy metals in agricultural soil in Tianjin City, with the average exceeding the background values by 151.9% and 324.1%, respectively. About 15% of the points are at moderate to severe pollution levels. The main sources of heavy metal pollution in the soil of the research area include natural soil formation processes, agricultural production, transportation, coal burning, and pesticide use. Cd (pesticide sources) and Hg (coal-fired sources) are important elements of soil pollution in agricultural land in the study area. There is no significant non-carcinogenic health risk in three exposure pathways: ingestion of crops, hand and mouth ingestion, and skin contact. The total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) of natural sources is the highest, with Cr being the main contributor to childhood total non-carcinogenic risk indices (HI) and childhood TCR in the source contribution; Hg contributes the most to HI in coal-fired sources, while Cu and Zn contribute to HI from mixed sources of pesticides and transportation. The contributions of the above heavy metal elements are closely related to the industrial, agricultural, and transportation activities of surrounding residents, and should be taken seriously.
- farmland /
- heavy metals in the soil /
- principal component analysis /
- PMF-HRA model /
- health risk assessment

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图 1 研究区概况及采样点分布

Figure 1. Sketch map and sampling sites in the study area

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图 2 研究区土壤重金属PMF分析污染源成分谱

Figure 2. Factor profiles and source contributions of eight heavy metals based on PMF in the study area

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图 3 PMF模型下土壤重金属点源标准化贡献率

Figure 3. Standardization contribution rate of soil heavy metal point source based on PMF model

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图 4 研究区8种重金属浓度空间分布

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of eight heavy metals in the surface soil of the study area

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表 1 重金属健康风险暴露参数取值

Table 1. Health risk exposure parameters of heavy metals

符号	参数	成人参考值	儿童参考值
EF	暴露频率/（d/a）	300	300
ED	暴露年限/a	30	6
AT	平均暴露时间/d	非致癌365×ED	非致癌365×ED
BW	平均体重/kg	60	15
R_ing	手-口摄入/（mg/d）	100	200
R_inh	呼吸频率/（m³/d）	20	5
PEF	土壤排放系数/（m³/kg）	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹
AF	皮肤黏着度/〔mg/(cm²·d)〕	0.07	0.2
SA	暴露皮肤表面积/cm²	4 350	1 660
ABS	皮肤吸收因子	0.001	0.001

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表 2 重金属描述性统计分析

Table 2. Descriptive statistical characteristics of heavy metals

重金属	浓度/（mg/kg）	均值/（mg/kg）	标准差/（mg/kg）	变异系数	峰度	偏度	背景值^1）/（mg/kg）	筛选值^2）/（mg/kg）	管控值^2）/（mg/kg）
Cd	0.08~0.84	0.23	0.12	0.51	11.98	2.61	0.09	0.6	4
Cr	47.3~81.2	66.8	7.94	0.12	−0.43	−0.46	98.38	250	1300
Hg	0.011~2.29	0.212	0.34	1.62	23.38	4.32	0.05	3.4	6
Ni	22.3~42.9	32.9	5.95	0.18	−1.16	−0.19	34.46	190
Pb	16.8~50.4	26.9	6.13	0.23	2.41	1.07	20.32	170	1000
As	6.1~15.1	10.6	2	0.19	−0.58	−0.04	11.07	25	100
Cu	16.4~64.8	36.1	11.18	0.31	0.06	0.4	28.38	100
Zn	55.7~246	111	40.37	0.36	0.84	0.91	76.27	300
1）中国土壤元素背景值中天津地区背景值^[34]；2）GB 15618—2018《农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》中pH>7.5标准值。

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表 3 土壤重金属地累积指数统计

Table 3. The geo-accumulation index of heavy metals in soil

重金属	最小值	最大值	平均值	污染等级
Cd	−0.43	3.28	1.01	无污染-重度
Cr	−1.64	−0.86	−1.11	无污染
Hg	−1.84	3.09	0.41	无污染-重度
Ni	−1.09	−0.14	−0.47	无污染
Pb	−0.74	0.87	−0.08	无污染-轻微
As	−1.22	0.08	−0.50	无污染-轻微
Cu	−1.38	1.09	−0.01	无污染-轻度
Zn	−0.97	1.28	0.15	无污染-轻度

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表 4 旋转后分量载荷及贡献率

Table 4. Load and contribution rate of main components after being spun

分量	因子载荷								方差贡献率/%	累计方差贡献率/%
分量	Cd	Cr	Hg	Ni	Pb	As	Cu	Zn	方差贡献率/%	累计方差贡献率/%
PC1	0.206	0.827	−0.021	0.915	0.626	0.903	0.341	0.307	59.1	59.1
PC2	0.285	0.406	0.052	0.258	0.518	0.206	0.888	0.877	16.9	76.0
PC3	0.283	0.079	0.943	0.070	0.393	0.062	0.050	0.199	9.3	85.3
PC4	0.888	0.183	0.204	0.161	0.113	0.053	0.191	0.205	6.3	91.6

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表 5 土壤重金属人体健康风险评价结果

Table 5. Results of human health risk assessment for soil heavy metals

重金属	儿童						成人
重金属	HQ_ing	HQ_inh	HQ_der	CR_ing	CR_inh	CR_der	HQ_ing	HQ_inh	HQ_der	CR_ing	CR_inh	CR_der
Cd	2.48×10⁻³	4.57×10⁻⁸	4.12×10⁻⁴	1.52×10⁻⁵	8.22×10⁻¹⁴	2.52×10⁻⁸	3.11×10⁻⁴	4.57×10⁻⁸	9.45×10⁻⁵	1.89×10⁻⁶	8.22×10⁻¹⁴	5.77×10⁻⁹
Cr	2.44×10⁻¹	4.71×10⁻⁴	2.03×10⁻²		5.65×10⁻⁷		3.05×10⁻²	4.71×10⁻⁴	4.64×10⁻³		5.65×10⁻⁷
Hg	7.75×10⁻³	2.85×10⁻⁶	4.49×10⁻⁵				9.68×10⁻⁴	2.85×10⁻⁶	1.03×10⁻⁵
Ni	1.81×10⁻²	3.22×10⁻⁷	1.11×10⁻⁴		5.58×10⁻⁹		2.26×10⁻³	3.22×10⁻⁷	2.54×10⁻⁵		5.58×10⁻⁹
Pb	8.41×10⁻²	1.54×10⁻⁶	9.36×10⁻⁴				1.05×10⁻²	1.54×10⁻⁶	2.15×10⁻⁴
As	3.88×10⁻¹	1.74×10⁻⁵	6.44×10⁻⁴	1.74×10⁻⁴	9.19×10⁻¹²	2.90×10⁻⁷	4.85×10⁻²	1.74×10⁻⁵	1.48×10⁻⁴	2.18×10⁻⁵	9.19×10⁻¹²	6.64×10⁻⁸
Cu	9.88×10⁻³	1.81×10⁻⁷	5.47×10⁻⁵				1.23×10⁻³	1.81×10⁻⁷	1.25×10⁻⁵
Zn	4.05×10⁻³	7.44×10⁻⁸	3.36×10⁻⁵				5.06×10⁻⁴	7.44×10⁻⁸	7.71×10⁻⁶
小计	7.58×10⁻¹	4.93×10⁻⁴	2.25×10⁻²				9.48×10⁻²	4.93×10⁻⁴	5.16×10⁻³
合计	7.81×10⁻¹			1.90×10⁻⁴			1.00×10⁻¹			2.43×10⁻⁵

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表 6 评估各污染来源重金属的非致癌与致癌风险

Table 6. Estimation of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of heavy metals from each pollution source

风险类别	重金属	儿童					成人
风险类别	重金属	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4	总因素	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4	总因素
非致癌风险	Cd	2.38×10⁻⁷	1.08×10⁻²	4.75×10⁻³	4.39×10⁻⁴	1.60×10⁻²	3.05×10⁻⁸	1.38×10⁻³	6.08×10⁻⁴	5.63×10⁻⁵	2.04×10⁻³
	Cr	7.55×10⁻²	2.95×10⁻²	2.75×10⁻³	5.47×10⁻²	1.62×10⁻¹	9.67×10⁻³	3.78×10⁻³	3.52×10⁻⁴	7.00×10⁻³	2.08×10⁻²
	Hg	4.28×10⁻⁵	4.92×10⁻⁵	2.33×10⁻⁴	2.38×10⁻⁷	3.25×10⁻⁴	5.48×10⁻⁶	6.30×10⁻⁶	2.98×10⁻⁵	3.05×10⁻⁸	4.16×10⁻⁵
	Ni	4.12×10⁻²	1.66×10⁻²	1.72×10⁻³	2.98×10⁻²	8.93×10⁻²	5.27×10⁻³	2.13×10⁻³	2.20×10⁻⁴	3.81×10⁻³	1.14×10⁻²
	Pb	2.51×10⁻²	1.27×10⁻²	6.23×10⁻³	2.30×10⁻²	6.70×10⁻²	3.21×10⁻³	1.63×10⁻³	7.98×10⁻⁴	2.95×10⁻³	8.59×10⁻³
	As	1.32×10⁻²	5.31×10⁻³	1.33×10⁻⁶	9.36×10⁻³	2.79×10⁻²	1.69×10⁻³	6.79×10⁻⁴	1.70×10⁻⁷	1.20×10⁻³	3.57×10⁻³
	Cu	4.51×10⁻³	1.82×10⁻²	1.13×10⁻²	6.91×10⁻²	1.03×10⁻¹	5.78×10⁻⁴	2.33×10⁻³	1.45×10⁻³	8.85×10⁻³	1.32×10⁻²
	Zn	2.38×10⁻⁷	5.26×10⁻²	4.29×10⁻²	2.19×10⁻¹	3.15×10⁻¹	3.05×10⁻⁸	6.73×10⁻³	5.49×10⁻³	2.81×10⁻²	4.03×10⁻²
	HI	1.60×10⁻¹	1.46×10⁻¹	6.99×10⁻²	4.05×10⁻¹	7.81×10⁻¹	2.04×10⁻²	1.87×10⁻²	8.95×10⁻³	5.20×10⁻²	1.00×10⁻¹
致癌风险	Cd	1.53×10⁻¹⁰	2.83×10⁻⁷	3.06×10⁻⁶	6.96×10⁻⁶	1.03×10⁻⁵	1.96×10⁻¹¹	3.62×10⁻⁸	3.91×10⁻⁷	8.89×10⁻⁷	1.32×10⁻⁶
	Cr	4.87×10⁻⁵	1.90×10⁻⁵	1.77×10⁻⁶	3.52×10⁻⁵	1.05×10⁻⁴	6.22×10⁻⁶	2.43×10⁻⁶	2.26×10⁻⁷	4.50×10⁻⁶	1.34×10⁻⁵
	Ni	2.65×10⁻⁵	1.07×10⁻⁵	1.11×10⁻⁶	1.92×10⁻⁵	5.75×10⁻⁵	3.39×10⁻⁶	1.37×10⁻⁶	1.41×10⁻⁷	2.45×10⁻⁶	7.35×10⁻⁶
	As	8.51×10⁻⁶	3.42×10⁻⁶	8.54×10⁻¹⁰	6.03×10⁻⁶	1.80×10⁻⁵	1.09×10⁻⁶	4.37×10⁻⁷	1.09×10⁻¹⁰	7.71×10⁻⁷	2.3×10⁻⁶
	TCR	8.37×10⁻⁵	3.34×10⁻⁵	5.94×10⁻⁶	6.74×10⁻⁵	1.90×10⁻⁴	1.07×10⁻⁵	4.27×10⁻⁶	7.59×10⁻⁷	8.62×10⁻⁶	2.43×10⁻⁵

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