Research on hazardous waste classification method based on hazard assessment: taking the electronics industry as an example
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摘要:
为解决不同危险特性之间的风险比较及探索危险废物的分级分类管理问题，将危险废物中的有毒有害物质作为风险物质，参考GB 18218—2018《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》和HJ 941—2018《企业突发环境事件风险分级方法》中风险源评价方法中临界量的概念，提出危险废物危害值和危害率的概念，将危险废物的危害性定量化，建立危险废物分级方法，对危险废物及产废企业进行分级。对北京市5家电子行业企业的7种危险废物进行采样检测，并按建立的方法进行评价，结果表明：采集的危险废物涉及易燃性、腐蚀性、毒性，危害率从高到低分别为具有易燃性、腐蚀性、毒性的危险废物；废有机溶剂与酸洗废液的危害值较高；企业的危险废物危害值从大到小依次为A（6.13）、B（2.12）、C（1.23）、E（1.20）、D（0.82）。研究显示，危害率可以区分危险废物自身的固有危害，可作为危险废物分级的指标，比较不同危险特性废物的风险；危害值可作为企业危险废物分级管理的参考。
Abstract:To address the risk comparison between different hazardous characteristics and explore the classification management of hazardous wastes, toxic and hazardous substances in hazardous wastes were taken as risky substances. Referring to the concept of critical quantity in the risk source evaluation method in Identification of Major Hazard Installations for Hazardous Chemicals (GB 18218-2018) and Classification Method for Environmental Accident Risk of Enterprise (HJ 941-2018), the concepts of hazard value and hazard rate of hazardous wastes were proposed to quantify the hazardousness of hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste grading methods, and grade hazardous waste and waste-producing enterprises. 7 kinds of hazardous wastes from 5 enterprises of the electronic industry in Beijing were sampled and tested, and they were evaluated according to the established method. The results show that the collected hazardous wastes involve flammability, corrosiveness and toxicity, with the hazard rate ranging from high to low being the hazardous wastes with flammability, corrosiveness and toxicity, respectively. The hazard value of waste organic solvents and pickling waste liquid is higher. The hazard values of hazardous wastes of the enterprises in descending order are in the following order A (6.13), B (2.12), C (1.23), E (1.20), D (0.82). The study shows that the hazard rate can distinguish the inherent hazards of hazardous waste itself and can be used as an indicator for hazardous waste classification. The risks of hazardous wastes with different hazardous characteristics can also be compared. The hazard value can be used as a reference for enterprise hazardous waste classification and management.
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Key words:
- hazardous waste /
- classification methodology /
- hazard substance /
- electronics industry
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图 2 样品中挥发性有机污染物的浸出浓度
Figure 2. Leaching concentrations of volatile organic pollutants in samples
图 3 挥发性有机物的成分组成和危害值占比
Figure 3. Composition and hazard value percentage of volatile organic compounds
图 4 各危险废物存在量及危害值
Figure 4. Hazardous waste presence and hazard value of each hazardous waste
图 5 企业危险废物环境危害值组成
Figure 5. Composition of environmental hazard value of hazardous waste in enterprises
表 1 试验材料
Table 1. Test materials
样品编号 主要产品 废物类型 废物代码 存在量/t 主要成分 可能的危险特性 A1 芯片 铜制程废液 398-005-22 7.53 硫酸铜、硫酸 毒性 A2 硫酸废液 900-300-34 29.76 60%硫酸 腐蚀性、毒性 A3 磷酸废液 900-300-34 16.69 55%磷酸 腐蚀性、毒性 A4 硝酸废液 900-300-34 30.67 50%硝酸 腐蚀性、毒性 B1 清洗废液 900-402-06 3.48 丙酮、异丙胺 毒性、易燃性、反应性 B2 废去光阻液 900-404-06 9.06 70%丙二醇甲醚、30%丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯 毒性、易燃性、反应性 B3 显影废液 900-404-06 8.65 环戊酮 毒性、易燃性、反应性 B4 含砷废液 261-139-24 5.45 毒性 C1 液晶显示屏 废剥离液 900-404-06 22.64 乙醇胺（MEA）、二乙二醇单丁醚 毒性、易燃性、反应性 C2 PI液 900-404-06 17.95 N-甲基吡咯烷酮 毒性、易燃性、反应性 C3 蚀刻液 398-007-34 24.07 磷酸、醋酸、硝酸 腐蚀性、毒性 C4 废稀释剂 900-402-06 7.25 乙酸丁酯 毒性、易燃性、反应性 C5 废剥离液 900-404-06 3.59 3.8%盐酸、2%氯化铁 毒性、易燃性、反应性 D1 蚀刻液 398-007-34 15.46 磷酸、硝酸、醋酸 腐蚀性、毒性 D2 废剥离液 900-404-06 13.57 乙醇胺（MEA）、二乙二醇单丁醚 毒性、易燃性、反应性 D3 废稀释剂 900-402-06 7.32 乙酸丁酯 毒性、易燃性、反应性 E1 印刷电路板 电镀污泥 336-062-17 32.36 含铜污泥 毒性 E2 清洗废液 900-300-34 28.66 30%盐酸 腐蚀性、毒性 注：废物代码、危险特性来自《国家危险废物名录》（2021年版）。 
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表 2 样品腐蚀性结果
Table 2. Sample corrosion results
样品编号 pH 样品编号 pH A1 1.36 C3 0.13 A2 <0 C5 <0 A3 <0 D1 0.05 A4 <0 D2 10.58 B4 1.39 E1 6.97 C1 10.27 E2 <0
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表 3 腐蚀性样品危害值
Table 3. Hazard values of corrosive samples
样品编号 m1 物质组成 m2 腐蚀性
危害值腐蚀性理
论危害值A1 2.4×10−3 1.8×10−3 A2 60%硫酸 0.60 >0.16 1.8 A3 55%磷酸 0.55 >0.11 0.92 A4 50%硝酸 0.50 >0.28 2.1 B4 3.4×10−3 2.5×10−3 C3 4.9×10−2 磷酸、硝酸、醋酸 0.12 C5 3.8%盐酸、2%氯化铁 0.038 >0.04 0.018 D1 5.9×10−2 磷酸、硝酸、醋酸 0.09 E2 30%盐酸 0.30 >0.32 1.1 注： A1、B4、C3、D1采用m1计算，A2、A3、A4、C5、E2采用m2计算。m1为根据pH计算得出样品中腐蚀性物质的占比，m2为根据样品成分得出样品中腐蚀性物质的占比。
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表 4 样品成分与闪点
Table 4. Sample composition and flash point
样品编号 主要成分 闪点/℃ 是否具有
易燃性
危险特性危害率 易燃性危害值 B1 丙酮
异丙胺−18
−26是 0.1 0.35 B2 丙二醇甲醚
丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯31.1
47.9是 0.1 0.91 B3 环戊酮 30.5 是 0.1 0.87 C1 乙醇胺（MEA）
二乙二醇单丁醚93.3
110否 C2 N-甲基吡咯烷酮 86.1 否 0.02 0.36 C4 乙酸丁酯 22.2 是 0.1 0.73 D2 乙醇胺（MEA）
二乙二醇单丁醚93.3
110否 D3 乙酸丁酯 22.2 是 0.1 0.73
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表 5 样品中3种危害特性危害率及危险废物危害率
Table 5. Hazard rate of three hazard characteristics and hazardous waste hazard rate in samples
样品编号 危废代码 危险特性 腐蚀性物质危害率 易燃性物质危害率 毒性物质危害率 危险废物危害率 A1 398-005-22 腐蚀性、毒性 2.40×10−4 0.047 0.047 A2 900-300-34 腐蚀性 0.06 1.1×10−5 0.06 A3 900-300-34 腐蚀性 0.055 2.5×10−6 0.055 A4 900-300-34 腐蚀性、毒性 0.067 0.033 0.1 B1 900-402-06 易燃性、毒性 0.1 2.2×10−6 0.1 B2 900-404-06 易燃性、毒性 0.1 2.5×10−7 0.1 B3 900-404-06 易燃性、毒性 0.1 7.5×10−7 0.1 B4 261-139-24 腐蚀性、毒性 4.50×10−4 3.1×10−4 7.60×10−4 C1 900-404-06 3.1×10−6 3.10×10−6 C2 900-404-06 毒性 0.02 1.3×10−6 0.02 C3 398-007-34 腐蚀性 4.90×10−3 7.9×10−6 4.91×10−3 C4 900-402-06 易燃性、毒性 0.1 1.5×10−5 0.1 C5 900-404-06 腐蚀性、毒性 5.10×10−3 8.9×10−5 5.19×10−3 D1 398-007-34 腐蚀性 5.90×10−3 7.1×10−6 5.91×10−3 D2 900-404-06 1.8×10−6 1.80×10−6 D3 900-402-06 易燃性、毒性 0.1 2.6×10−7 0.1 E1 336-062-17 2.7×10−5 2.7×10−5 E2 900-300-34 腐蚀性、毒性 0.04 9.4×10−5 0.04 注： C2的主要成分N-甲基吡咯烷酮属于具有易燃性的化学品。
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