Carbon emission reduction potential of municipal solid waste treatment and disposal at different management stages: a case study of Xiamen City
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摘要:
我国快速城市化带来了大量的城市生活垃圾。为了破解“垃圾围城”的普遍性难题，我国不断完善生活垃圾管理体系，经历了以填埋为主的无害化、以焚烧为主的无害化和减量化、垃圾强制分类在全国主要城市的全面推广、分类垃圾综合处理处置等不同发展阶段。以厦门市为例，分析不同生活垃圾管理阶段的碳排放特征。结果表明：厦门市2000—2009年（无害化阶段）的碳排放总量由25.49万t直线上升至76.38万t，年均增长13.19%；2010—2016年（无害化和减量化阶段）由于填埋气收集效率提升和持续推进垃圾焚烧减量，吨垃圾碳排放强度逐年下降，但排放总量仍然从27.95万t增长至49.30万t；2017年至今全市推行垃圾四分类并开展餐厨垃圾分类和低值可回收物试点，碳排放强度从324.74 kg/t下降至178.11 kg/t，其中每分出1 t厨余垃圾、可回收物、餐厨垃圾和低值可回收物，碳排放分别减少5.69、302.58~328.75、83.19、884.66 kg。未来，随着低值可回收物分类和再生资源中心建设的推广，生活垃圾碳排放总量和强度将进一步降低，推动城市绿色低碳发展。
Abstract:The rapid urbanization has generated a large amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) in China. In order to address the universal issue of garbage siege, China continues to improve the MSW management system. It has undergone different stages of development, such as landfill-based harmlessness, incineration-based harmlessness and reduction, comprehensive promotion of compulsory classification of garbage in major cities, and the comprehensive treatment and disposal of classified garbage. Taking Xiamen City as an example, the carbon emissions and characteristics of different MSW management stages were studied and analyzed. The results showed that the total amount of carbon emissions in Xiamen from 2000 to 2009 (harmlessness stage) increased from 254 900 t to 763 800 t, with an average annual growth of 13.19%. From 2010 to 2016 (harmlessness and reduction stage), the carbon emission intensity per ton of waste decreased each year due to the improvement of landfill gas collection efficiency and the continuous promotion of waste incineration reduction. However, the total emissions still increased from 279 500 t to 493 000 t. Since 2017, the city has implemented the four classifications of garbage, carried out the classification of kitchen waste, and built a pilot project for low-value recyclables. The carbon emission intensity has decreased from 324.74 kg/t to 178.11 kg/t, and the carbon emissions per ton of food waste, recyclables, kitchen waste and low-value recyclables were reduced by 5.69, 302.58-328.75, 83.19, and 884.66 kg, respectively. In the future, with the promotion of low-value recyclables classification and the construction of renewable resource centers, the carbon emission intensity and total amount of domestic waste will be further reduced, promoting the city's green and low-carbon development.
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图 1 生活垃圾不同管理阶段的处理处置模式
Figure 1. Treatment and disposal modes of MSW under different management stages
图 2 2000—2021年厦门市生活垃圾处理方式及处理量
Figure 2. Treatment methods and capacity of MSW in Xiamen City from 2000 to 2021
图 3 2000—2021年厦门市生活垃圾资源化利用率和回收利用率
Figure 3. MSW resource utilization rate and recycling rate in Xiamen City from 2000 to 2021
图 4 2000—2021年厦门市生活垃圾处理处置碳排放情况
Figure 4. Carbon emissions from MSW treatment and disposal in Xiamen City from 2000 to 2021
图 5 厦门市2021—2035年生活垃圾处理处置的碳排放量
Figure 5. Carbon emissions from MSW treatment and disposal in Xiamen City from 2021 to 2035
表 1 不同场景涉及的碳排放源识别
Table 1. Identification of carbon emission sources involved in different scenarios
碳排放形式 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 直接排放 填埋场CH4排放；渗滤液处理CH4和N2O排放 填埋场CH4排放；垃圾焚烧CO2排放；垃圾焚烧处理CH4和N2O排放；渗滤液处理CH4和N2O排放 填埋场CH4排放；垃圾焚烧CO2排放；垃圾焚烧处理CH4和N2O排放；厌氧消化CH4泄漏；渗滤液/沼液处理CH4和N2O排放 填埋场CH4排放；垃圾焚烧CO2排放；垃圾焚烧处理CH4和N2O排放；厌氧消化CH4泄漏；渗滤液/沼液处理CH4和N2O排放 填埋场CH4排放；垃圾焚烧CO2排放；垃圾焚烧处理CH4和N2O排放；厌氧消化CH4泄漏；渗滤液/沼液处理CH4和N2O排放 间接排放 处理处置物质输入；处理处置电量输入 处理处置物质输入；处理处置电量输入；飞灰/炉渣处理 处理处置物质输入；处理处置电量输入；飞灰/炉渣处理 处理处置物质输入；处理处置电量输入；飞灰/炉渣处理 处理处置物质输入；处理处置电量输入；飞灰/炉渣处理 碳存储 填埋气回收 填埋气回收；焚烧发电 填埋气回收；焚烧发电；沼气利用；可回收物利用 填埋气回收；焚烧发电；沼气利用；粗油脂回收；可回收物利用 填埋气回收；焚烧发电；沼气利用；粗油脂回收；可回收物；低值可回收物利用 
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表 2 城市生活垃圾填埋/焚烧参数取值[16]
Table 2. Parameter values of landfill and incineration of MSW
% 垃圾组分 DOCi Ci Fi 厨余类 15 50 纸类 40 50 5 塑料类 85 100 纺织类 24 50 50 木竹类 43 54
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表 3 进入填埋/焚烧系统中的城市生活垃圾物理组分占比
Table 3. Proportion of MSW physical components entering the landfill and incineration system
% 场景 厨余类 纸类 塑料类 橡胶类 金属 玻璃 纺织类 木竹类 其他 S1 59.31 3.48 11.18 0.53 0.61 1.84 1.87 1.32 19.86 S2 55.37 5.14 19.18 1.86 0.63 1.30 1.76 1.98 12.78 S3 20.31 22.82 24.59 5.52 5.92 6.27 6.63 7.94 S4 21.20 22.33 24.42 5.61 5.23 5.83 6.90 8.48 S5 20.38 23.23 24.01 5.63 2.92 4.70 6.39 8.11 4.63
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表 4 生活垃圾处理过程中间接碳排放涉及的参数及排放因子
Table 4. Parameters and emission factors involved in indirect carbon emissions in the process of domestic waste treatment
处理方式 清单名称 消耗量 排放因子/
（kg/kg）数据来源 填埋 柴油 1.05 kg/t 3.15 文献[23-24] 农药 0.02 kg/t 13.50 文献[24-25] HDPE膜 1.04 kg/t 3.27 文献[23-24] 电能 2.61 kW·h/t 0.58 文献[25-26] 焚烧 柴油 0.39 kg/t 3.15 文献[24-25] NaOH 0.05 kg/t 1.59 电能 9.38 kW·h/t 0.58 厌氧消化 柴油 3.00 kg/t 3.25 文献[24-25] Fe2O3 0.83 kg/t 1.1 文献[24,27] 电能 16.46 kW·h/t 0.58 文献[26-27] 废水处理 PAC 0.71 kg/m3 22.70 文献[28-29] NaOH 0.11 kg/m3 1.59 文献[24,28] 电能 1.93 kg/m3 0.58 文献[26,28] 低值
可回收物
分拣回收预处理 电能 7.80 kW·h/t 0.58 实地调研
文献[26]分拣 电能 37.00 kW·h/t 0.58 打包 电能 16.80 kW·h/t 0.58 注：电能排放因子单位为kg/（kW·h）。
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纸类 塑料 织物 金属 玻璃 家电及电子产品 −0.120 −1.024 −3.376 −3.577 −0.314 −0.853
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表 6 厦门市2000—2021年垃圾清运量与经济社会情况
Table 6. MSW clearance volume and economic and social situation in Xiamen City from 2000 to 2021
年份 年垃圾总量/（万t/a） 垃圾日产量/（t/d） 垃圾增长率/% 常住人口数/万人 人均垃圾产量/
〔kg/（人·a）〕地区生产总值/亿元 单位地区生产总值垃圾
产量/（kg/万元）2000 33.68 922.87 205 164.32 501.9 67.11 2001 38.22 1 047.10 13.46 219 174.52 558.3 68.46 2002 47.11 1 290.68 23.26 232 203.06 648.5 72.64 2003 51.56 1 412.60 9.45 245 210.45 759.7 67.87 2004 52.42 1 436.09 1.66 258 203.17 897.3 58.42 2005 56.88 1 558.43 8.52 273 208.36 1 018.0 55.88 2006 66.53 1 822.70 16.96 288 231.00 1 188.8 55.96 2007 80.36 2 201.65 20.79 304 264.34 1 418.1 56.67 2008 84.40 2 312.33 5.03 326 258.90 1 628.4 51.83 2009 100.93 2 765.21 19.59 330 305.85 1 760.4 57.33 2010 91.55 2 508.22 −9.29 356 257.16 2 093.0 43.74 2011 95.21 2 608.49 4.00 361 263.74 2 584.7 36.84 2012 108.83 2 981.64 14.31 367 296.54 2 869.0 37.93 2013 120.79 3 309.32 10.99 373 323.83 3 065.5 39.40 2014 125.60 3 441.10 3.98 381 329.66 3 337.4 37.63 2015 141.22 3 869.04 12.44 386 365.85 3 534.2 39.96 2016 164.59 4 509.32 16.55 392 419.87 3 861.7 42.62 2017 192.72 5 280.00 17.09 401 480.60 4 351.7 44.29 2018 217.66 5 963.29 12.94 411 529.59 4 791.4 45.43 2019 218.15 5 976.71 0.23 429 508.51 5 995.0 36.39 2020 203.44 5 573.70 −6.74 516 394.26 6 384.0 31.87 2021 216.01 5 918.08 6.18 528 409.11 7 033.9 30.71
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表 7 不同场景生活垃圾末端处理的碳排放清单
Table 7. Carbon emission inventories for the end treatment of MSW in different scenarios
kg/t 处理方式 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 填埋 直接排放 755.59 356.27 501.72 500.08 526.46 间接排放 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 碳减排 10.87 57.35 81.29 81.02 85.37 小计 756.72 310.92 432.43 431.06 453.09 焚烧 直接排放 437.89 602.79 596.48 592.55 间接排放 13.20 13.20 13.20 13.20 碳减排 172.00 319.00 319.00 319.00 小计 279.09 296.99 290.68 286.75 厨余厌氧消化 直接排放 77.02 77.02 77.02 间接排放 40.90 40.90 40.90 碳减排 123.61 123.61 123.61 小计 −5.69 −5.69 −5.69 餐厨厌氧消化 直接排放 77.02 77.02 77.02 间接排放 40.90 40.90 40.90 碳减排 201.11 201.11 201.11 小计 −83.19 −83.19 −83.19 可回收物 直接排放 间接排放 碳减排 320.61 328.75 302.58 小计 −320.61 −328.75 −302.58 低值可回收物 直接排放 间接排放 21.25 碳减排 905.91 小计 −884.66 合计1） 直接排放 755.59 381.07 483.89 445.14 448.30 间接排放 12.00 12.37 11.59 15.37 16.33 碳减排 10.87 92.30 170.74 215.02 289.91 总计 756.72 301.14 324.74 245.49 174.72 1）以各阶段平均数据计。
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表 8 厦门市2021—2035年各生活垃圾处理方式占比
Table 8. Proportion of various MSW disposal methods in Xiamen City from 2021 to 2035
% 处理方式 处理方式占比 2021年 2025年 2030年 2035年 其他垃圾 填埋 2.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 焚烧发电 71.32 66.51 60.02 52.72 厨余厌氧消化 9.59 15.00 20.00 25.00 餐厨厌氧消化 6.72 6.27 5.66 4.97 可回收物回收 9.89 9.23 8.33 7.31 低值可回收物分拣回收 0.10 3.00 5.00 7.00
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