Phytoplankton community characteristics and environmental impact factors in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
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摘要:
浮游植物和环境因子是水生态的重要组成部分，目前对于高原河流浮游植物与环境影响因子之间关系的研究还不充分。以云贵高原河流螳螂川—普渡河流域为研究对象，在2022年4—11月（枯水期、丰水期、平水期）对该河流域的浮游植物和水体进行采样调查，运用多样性指数、综合营养状态指数和冗余分析（RDA）等对螳螂川—普渡河流域的水质及浮游植物与环境因子之间的关系进行解析，探讨该流域浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：调查期间共检出浮游植物8门128属261种，以蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门为主，水华束丝藻（Aphanizomenon flos-aquae）为全年优势种。浮游植物群落结构及多样性时空变化显著，与枯水期和平水期相比，丰水期细胞密度较少，生物多样性较高，螳螂川干流的细胞密度高于其他流域。综合营养状态指数表明流域整体处于中营养至重富营养水平，且螳螂川干流的富营养化水平最严重。RDA分析揭示了不同子流域影响浮游植物群落结构的主导因素不同，螳螂川干流为高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）和pH，螳螂川支流为CODMn，普渡河干流为流量和硝酸盐氮，普渡河支流为水温。
Abstract:Phytoplankton and environmental factors are important components of water ecology, but there are currently few studies on the relationship between phytoplankton and environmental impact factors in plateau rivers. Therefore, Tanglang River-Pudu River basin in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau was taken as the research object, and the phytoplankton and water bodies in the river basin were sampled and investigated from April to November (dry season, wet season, and level season) in 2022. The diversity index, comprehensive trophic state index, and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the water quality of Tanglang River-Pudu River basin and the relationship between phytoplankton and environmental factors, and to explore the characteristics of phytoplankton communities in the basin and their relationship with environmental factors. The results showed that a total of 261 species belonging to 128 genera and 8 phyla of phytoplankton were detected, mainly including Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was the dominant species throughout the year. The spatial and temporal changes of phytoplankton community structure and diversity were significant. Compared with the dry season and the level season, the cell density in the wet season was less and the biodiversity was higher. The cell density in the mainstream of the Tanglang River was higher than that in other basins. The comprehensive nutritional status index indicated that the whole basin was at the level of medium nutrition to heavy eutrophication, and the eutrophication level was the severest in the mainstream of the Tanglang River . The RDA analysis revealed that different sub-watersheds had different dominant factors influencing the community structure of phytoplankton. For the mainstream of the Tanglang River, the dominant factors were permanganate index (CODMn) and pH. For the tributary of the Tanglang River, the dominant factor was CODMn. For the mainstream of the Pudu River, the dominant factors were flow (Q) and nitrate nitrogen (${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N). For the tributary of the Pudu River, the dominant factor was water temperature (WT).
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图 2 螳螂川—普渡河流域不同水文期浮游植物物种数
Figure 2. Number of phytoplankton species in different hydrological periods in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
图 3 螳螂川—普渡河流域浮游植物的PCoA分析
Figure 3. PCoA analysis of phytoplankton communities in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
图 4 螳螂川—普渡河流域浮游植物细胞密度占比
Figure 4. Composition of phytoplankton cell density in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
图 5 螳螂川—普渡河流域浮游植物多样性指数变化
Figure 5. Variations in phytoplankton diversity index in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
图 6 螳螂川—普渡河流域浮游植物综合营养状态指数变化
Figure 6. Variations in the comprehensive trophic status index of phytoplankton in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
图 7 环境因子与细胞密度的Spearman分析
注：*表示P<0.05（双尾检验）；**表示P<0.01（双尾检验）。红色表示正相关，蓝色表示负相关，颜色深度和图形大小表示不同元素之间的相关强度。颜色越深，图形越窄，表示相关性越强。
Figure 7. Spearman analysis of environmental factors and cell density
图 8 浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的RDA分析
Figure 8. RDA analysis of phytoplankton community structure and environmental factors
表 1 不同生物多样性指数评价标准
Table 1. Evaluation criteria of different biodiversity indices
H' J d 数值 水质类型 数值 水质类型 数值 水质类型 >3 清洁水平 >0.8 清洁水平 >4 清洁水平 2~3 β-中污染型 0.5~0.8 轻污染型 3~4 轻度污染型 1~2 α-中污染型 0.3~0.5 β-中污染型 1~3 中度污染型 <1 重度污染型 0.1~0.3 α-中污染型 0~1 重度污染型 
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表 2 螳螂川—普渡河流域浮游植物优势种及优势度
Table 2. Dominant species and dominance of phytoplankton in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
门 种（属） 螳螂川干流（TG） 螳螂川支流（TZ） 普渡河干流（PG） 普渡河支流（PZ） 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 蓝藻门 窗格隐杆藻 0.08 — — — — — — — — — — — 颤藻属 0.19 — 0.03 0.18 — 0.03 0.44 — — 0.07 — — 浮丝藻属 — — — — — 0.08 — — 0.06 — — — 鱼腥藻属 — 0.05 — — — — — — — — — — 湖生假鱼腥藻 — 0.02 — — 0.02 — — — 0.05 — — — 极小假鱼腥藻 — 0.03 — — — — — — — — — — 假鱼腥藻属 0.02 0.03 — 0.03 0.07 — — 0.11 — — 0.11 — 卷曲鱼腥藻 — 0.02 — — — — — — — — — — 链状假鱼腥藻 — 0.04 — — — — — — — — 0.06 — 土生假鱼腥藻 — — — — — — — — — — 0.02 — 束丝藻属 — 0.05 — — 0.08 0.05 — 0.08 0.06 — 0.13 — 水华束丝藻 0.03 0.29 0.48 — 0.20 0.17 0.05 0.11 0.25 — 0.05 0.03 微囊藻属 0.17 0.07 — 0.16 0.04 — 0.10 — — — — — 细小隐球藻 — 0.02 — — — — — — — — — — 隐球藻属 0.37 0.04 — 0.04 — — 0.08 — — — — — 硅藻门 小环藻属 — — — 0.04 — — 0.03 — — 0.09 — 0.05 舟形藻属 — — — — — — — — — 0.06 — 0.03 异极藻属 — — — — — — — — — 0.02 — — 扁圆卵形藻线形变种 — — — — — — — — — 0.03 — — 菱形藻属 — — — — — — — — — 0.06 — — 直链藻属 — 0.03 — — — — — 0.04 — — 0.03 — 颗粒直链藻 — — 0.05 — — 0.04 — — 0.03 — — 0.05 颗粒直链藻极狭变种 — — 0.02 — — — — — — — — 0.03 绿藻门 四尾栅藻 — — — — — — 0.02 — — — — — 栅藻属 — — — — — — — — — 0.02 — — 注：—表示非优势种。
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表 3 螳螂川—普渡河流域环境因子统计
Table 3. Statistics of environmental factors in Tanglang River-Pudu River basin
环境因子 螳螂川干流（TG） 螳螂川支流（TZ） 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 WT/℃ 20.68±1.57 21.54±0.82 20.35±1.31 21.10±1.86 21.92±1.69 18.96±1.83 pH 8.20±0.39 8.26±0.42 7.14±0.25 8.01±0.36 8.05±0.30 7.00±0.32 DO/（mg/L） 7.23±1.04 7.04±1.23 7.50±0.77 6.84±1.44 7.49±0.99 7.48±1.13 ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $-N/（mg/L） 1.18±0.99 1.64±1.02 0.69±0.69 0.96±1.04 1.21±1.49 1.08±1.51 TP/（mg/L） 0.34±0.17 0.31±0.15 0.25±0.13 0.64±0.88 0.72±1.33 0.34±0.34 TN/（mg/L） 4.04±1.78 3.38±1.45 3.31±1.26 4.27±2.09 4.67±2.64 4.98±2.53 CODMn/（mg/L） 5.30±1.10 6.16±1.04 5.71±1.48 4.06±1.87 4.07±1.68 3.87±1.54 Chla/（mg/L） 26.60±13.17 42.30±21.92 9.90±16.21 14.65±20.04 6.53±9.75 4.94±5.77 SD/m 0.34±0.08 0.35±0.14 0.52±0.39 0.31±0.13 0.23±0.11 0.38±0.14 ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N/（mg/L） 0.78±0.31 0.82±0.61 0.43±0.58 1.64±1.09 1.18±0.90 1.02±1.03 V/（m/s） 0.95±0.51 1.05±0.55 0.97±0.32 0.67±0.88 0.77±1.10 0.86±1.04 Q/（m3/s） 47.39±41.26 57.21±42.25 47.86±36.18 14.48±35.86 18.73±43.64 14.86±30.31 TN/TP 16.20±13.68 11.34±2.37 14.90±6.79 14.73±11.94 39.65±97.25 45.61±97.67 环境因子 普渡河干流（PG） 普渡河支流（PZ） 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 枯水期 丰水期 平水期 WT/℃ 21.04±1.94 22.44±1.93 22.02±0.72 20.96±2.52 22.71±1.70 19.48±2.07 pH 8.16±0.26 8.06±0.22 7.14±0.28 8.43±0.36 8.40±0.16 6.98±0.49 DO/（mg/L） 7.82±1.03 8.36±1.21 7.84±0.48 8.11±1.42 8.16±0.83 8.21±0.72 ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $-N/（mg/L） 0.57±0.21 0.60±0.66 0.55±0.71 0.40±0.61 0.22±0.15 0.21±0.15 TP/（mg/L） 0.22±0.10 0.18±0.14 0.17±0.15 0.11±0.09 0.12±0.14 0.08±0.05 TN/（mg/L） 3.23±1.67 3.95±1.76 3.42±1.36 2.31±1.55 2.39±1.49 2.34±1.43 CODMn/（mg/L） 3.84±1.11 2.87±1.76 3.32±2.41 2.84±2.04 2.31±1.25 2.79±1.43 Chla/（mg/L） 15.56±24.27 12.33±24.49 5.67±8.67 2.11±1.83 16.56±25.95 3.78±6.96 SD/m 0.27±0.11 0.26±0.15 0.64±0.17 0.28±0.16 0.24±0.19 0.34±0.17 ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N/（mg/L） 1.73±0.73 1.67±1.05 0.99±0.66 0.95±0.84 0.86±0.66 0.69±0.56 V/（m/s） 0.62±0.43 0.72±0.52 0.75±0.84 0.58±0.30 0.79±0.44 0.97±0.99 Q/（m3/s） 30.25±28.65 72.56±78.41 33.96±33.22 2.80±2.19 5.87±7.75 7.61±10.68 TN/TP 16.74±10.73 32.98±23.97 31.96±24.60 23.64±11.97 43.53±52.86 43.88±51.94
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