Effects of agricultural and forestry wastes on organic matter conversion and enzyme activity in livestock manure composting
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摘要:
通过好氧堆肥技术利用农林废物对畜禽粪便进行堆肥，是实现农林废物资源化利用且减轻其对环境污染的有效途径。采用新鲜牛粪辅以农林废物进行堆肥中试试验，通过表征堆肥过程中堆体理化性质差异、有机质与腐殖质的物质结构演化和酶活性的变化，探究不同农林废物对牛粪堆肥过程的影响。结果显示：在堆肥初期，堆体中易降解的有机质被微生物降解，导致堆体温度上升，且铵态氮、腐殖酸和富里酸含量逐渐下降；随着高温期的持续，微生物开始加速降解堆体中较难降解的大分子有机物，导致纤维素、半纤维素含量减少，木质素含量迅速上升；当温度下降后，硝化细菌活性逐渐增大，大量铵态氮转化成硝态氮，且堆体中有机物含量的减少，降低了脲酶活性；在堆肥后期，难降解的木质素占比较高，有机质利用变慢，多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降。研究结果可为优化堆肥过程、提高堆肥质量提供科学依据。
Abstract:Composting livestock and poultry manure through aerobic composting technology using agricultural and forestry wastes is an effective way to reduce environmental pollution and avoid waste of resources. Fresh cow manure supplemented with agricultural and forestry wastes was used for composting in pilot experiments. The effects of different agricultural and forestry wastes on the composting process were investigated by characterizing the differences in physical and chemical properties, the evolution of the material structure of organic matter and humus, and the changes in enzyme activities during the composting process. The results showed that in the early stage of composting, the easily degradable organic matter was degraded by microorganisms, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the compost. In addition, the contents of ammonium nitrogen (${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $-N), humic acid (HS) and fulvic acid (FA) decreased gradually. As the high-temperature period continued, microorganisms began to accelerate the degradation of difficult-to-degrade macromolecular organic matter, leading to a decrease in cellulose and hemicellulose contents and a rapid increase in the proportion of lignin content. When the temperature dropped, the activity of nitrifying bacteria was gradually increased, and a large amount of ammonium nitrogen was converted into nitrate nitrogen (${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N). Furthermore, the reduction of organic matter content in the pile body diminished the urease activity. In the later stage of composting, the proportion of refractory lignin was higher, the utilization of organic matter was slow, and the activities of polyphenol oxidase and catalase were inhibited. The research results can provide a scientific basis for optimizing the composting process and improving the quality of composting.
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图 1 堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC变化情况
Figure 1. Changes in temperature, pH value and EC value during composting process
图 2 堆肥过程中${\bf{NH}}_4^+ $-N、${\bf{NO}}_3^- $-N含量变化情况
Figure 2. Changes in ${{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_4^+ $-N and ${{{\mathrm{NO}}}}_3^- $-N content during composting process
图 3 堆肥过程中木质纤维素含量变化情况
Figure 3. Changes in lignocellulose content during composting process
图 4 堆肥过程中有机质含量变化情况
Figure 4. Changes in organic matter content during composting process
图 5 堆肥处理组在0、10、20、30、40 d的三维荧光光谱
Figure 5. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of composting treatment groups at 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 d
表 1 堆肥物料的基本理化指标
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical indicators of compost materials
原材料 pH 含水率/% 总碳含量/% 总氮含量/% C/N 牛粪 7.16 79.6 43.14 1.11 38.86 小麦秸秆 7.24 8.9 40.49 0.40 101.23 玉米秸秆 7.06 7.2 35.77 0.85 42.08 苹果木 6.99 11.1 43.65 0.40 109.13 
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表 2 堆料的干质量组成
Table 2. Dry mass composition of compost materials
kg 试验组 牛粪 玉米秸秆 小麦秸秆 苹果木 T1 20 0 0 0 T2 20 0 10 0 T3 20 10 0 0 T4 20 0 5 5 T5 20 5 0 5
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