Effects of microplastics on soil microbial community structure and symbiotic network analysis
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摘要:
土壤是微塑料的主要储存库，微塑料进入土壤生态系统后可以形成与周围环境显著不同的“塑料圈”，影响土壤微生物群落结构。通过外源添加微塑料颗粒模拟不同程度的农田土壤微塑料污染，探究微塑料对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果显示，微塑料污染会对土壤中微生物属水平细菌和真菌群落带来极大改变，根际土壤和非根际土壤的微塑料处理高浓度组真菌群落特有属数量显著高于低浓度组（p<0.05），且微塑料污染引起的根际土壤与非根际土壤的细菌群落和真菌群落结构变化均存在较大差异。土壤微生物群落多样性及共生网络分析结果表明，高浓度组微塑料添加显著降低土壤微生物多样性，微塑料对根际土壤微生物的影响大于非根际土壤。研究结果提示土壤真菌群落对微塑料污染的响应程度大于细菌群落，未来土壤微塑料相关研究需要进一步重视根际土壤监测。
Abstract:Soil is the main reservoir of microplastics, and the "plastic sphere" can be formed after microplastics enter the soil ecosystem,which is significantly different from the surrounding environment and might affect the soil microbial community structure. Exogenous microplastic particles were added to simulate different degrees of farmland soil microplastic pollution and explore the effects of microplastics on soil microbial communities. The results showed that microplastics pollution could greatly change the bacterial and fungal communities at the microbial genus level in soil. In rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, the number of specific genera of fungal community in the high concentration group of microplastics treatment was significantly higher than that in the low concentration group (p<0.05). The changes of bacterial community and fungal community structure in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils caused by microplastics pollution were significantly different. And the results of soil microbial community diversity and symbiotic network analysis showed that the addition of microplastics in the high concentration group significantly reduced soil microbial diversity, and the effect of microplastics on rhizosphere soil microorganisms was greater than that of non-rhizosphere soil. The results suggested that the response degree of soil fungi community to microplastics pollution was greater than that of bacteria community, and further attention should be paid to rhizosphere soil monitoring in the future.
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Key words:
- microplastics /
- rhizosphere soil /
- soil microbial /
- bacteria /
- fungi
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图 1 共有和独有的土壤细菌群落属水平Venn图
注：图中数字分别表示细菌属数量（占比）。
Figure 1. Genus-level Venn diagram of shared and special soil bacterial communities
图 2 共有和独有的土壤真菌群落属水平Venn图
Figure 2. Genus-level Venn diagram of shared and special soil fungal communities
图 3 门和属水平的细菌群落结构
Figure 3. Bacterial community structure at the phylum and genus level
图 4 细菌门至属水平差异性分析进化分支图（LEfSe分析）
Figure 4. Evolutionary branching diagram for variability analysis of bacterial phylum to genus level (LEfSe analysis)
图 6 真菌门至属水平差异性分析进化分支图（LEfSe分析）
Figure 6. Evolutionary branching diagram for variability analysis of fungal phylum to genus level (LEfSe analysis)
图 7 土壤细菌群落α多样性——Chao1指数
注：不同小写字母表示根际土壤在不同微塑料处理组织之间存在显著差异(p<0.05)；不同大写字母表示非根际土壤在不同微塑料处理组之间存在显著差异(p<0.05)；***表示根际与非根际土壤存在极显著差异(p<0.001)。全文同。
Figure 7. Soil bacterial community alpha diversity: Chao1 index
图 8 根际和非根际土壤细菌群落PLS-DA分析
Figure 8. PLS-DA analysis of bacterial communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
图 9 土壤真菌群落α多样性——Chao1指数
注：不同小写字母表示根际土壤在不同微塑料处理组织之间存在显著差异(p<0.05)；不同大写字母表示非根际土壤在不同微塑料处理组织之间存在显著差异(p<0.05)；“***”表示根际与非根际土壤存在极显著差异(p<0.001)。
Figure 9. Soil fungal community alpha diversity: Chao1 index
图 10 根际和非根际土壤真菌群落PLS-DA分析
Figure 10. PLS-DA analysis of fungal communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
表 1 土壤细菌群落α多样性——Shannon和Simpson指数
Table 1. Soil bacterial community alpha diversity: Shannon and Simpson indexes
根际土壤 Shannon指数 Simpson指数 非根际土壤 Shannon指数 Simpson指数 0_R 6.24ab 0.992 6ab 0_B 6.44A 0.993 8AB 0.5_R 6.04bc 0.990 6b 0.5_B 6.22B 0.992 8C 1_R 6.38ab 0.994 0a 1_B 6.48A 0.993 5B 2.5_R 6.47a 0.993 9a 2.5_B 6.50A 0.994 3A 5_R 6.21ab 0.992 4ab 5_B 6.26B 0.993 5B 10_R 6.02c 0.989 2b 10_B 6.30B 0.993 2BC 
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表 2 土壤真菌群落α多样性——Shannon和Simpson指数
Table 2. Soil fungal community alpha diversity: Shannon and Simpson indexes
根际土壤 Shannon指数 Simpson指数 非根际土壤 Shannon指数 Simpson指数 0_R 2.17c 0.726 3b 0_B 2.49C 0.749 2B 0.5_R 3.66a 0.911 1a 0.5_B 3.71A 0.935 9A 1_R 3.22ab 0.856 8a 1_B 3.03B 0.828 0B 2.5_R 3.09ab 0.878 0a 2.5_B 2.63C 0.807 7B 5_R 3.28ab 0.907 0a 5_B 3.75A 0.920 6A 10_R 2.88b 0.794 9ab 10_B 3.61A 0.907 7A
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表 3 土壤细菌共生网络拓扑参数
Table 3. Soil bacterial symbiotic network topological parameters
土壤类型 节点 边 平均加权度 网络直径 网络密度 模块化 平均聚类系数 平均路径长度 根际土壤 200 2212 22.1 7 0.111 0.406 0.547 2.905 非根际土壤 200 1648 16.5 6 0.083 0.514 0.504 2.919
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表 4 土壤真菌共生网络拓扑参数
Table 4. Soil fungal symbiotic network topology parameters
土壤类型 节点 边 平均加权度 网络直径 网络密度 模块化 平均聚类系数 平均路径长度 根际土壤 200 1154 11.5 6 0.063 0.582 0.559 3.032 非根际土壤 200 1028 10.3 6 0.052 0.682 0.605 3.061
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