Characteristics and control measures of farmland drainage pollution in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia
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摘要:
内蒙古河套灌区农田排水引起的面源污染是乌梁素海的首要污染源，具有独特的污染特征及产排路径。通过文献查阅和现场调查，总结了河套灌区灌排系统和制度现状，分析了农田排水污染特征，明确了农田排水污染物的产排路径，并基于农田排水污染的影响因素提出了具体的防控措施。结果显示：1）河套灌区排水系统在农田排水污染物输送方面发挥着至关重要的作用，但近年来排水功能逐渐减弱；2）河套灌区非生长期灌溉用水量占全年用水量的55%~60%，其中每年秋浇洗盐用水量占全年灌溉用水量的1/3，灌溉水资源利用率较低；3）农田排水中化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮等污染物来自河套灌区内部，秋浇期面源污染风险最高；4）河套灌区农业生产活动主要以氮素污染为主，氮素通过土壤下渗并随浅层地下水迁移排放；5）河套灌区灌溉制度、农田内排水过程、排水沟外排水过程是农田排水污染的主要影响因素。针对河套灌区农田排水污染特征、产排路径以及主要影响因素，建议因地制宜采取措施构建综合治理模式，如源头水分调控、排水沟优化以及生态系统过程拦截，以改善乌梁素海流域的水环境。
Abstract:Non-point source pollution from farmland drainage in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia is identified as the main source of pollution in Wuliangsuhai, exhibiting unique pollution characteristics and generation/discharge pathways. Through literature review and on-site investigation, this study summarized the current status of the irrigation/drainage system, analyzed the characteristics of farmland drainage pollution in the district, clarified the generation/discharge pathways of farmland drainage pollutants, and proposed specific prevention/control measures considering the influencing factors of farmland drainage pollution. The results showed that: (1) The drainage system in the district played a crucial role in transporting farmland drainage pollutants, but its drainage function was gradually weakened in recent years. (2) A significant portion of water used for irrigation during non-growing seasons accounted for 55%-60% of annual water consumption, among which the water used for washing salt in autumn every year accounted for 1/3 of the annual irrigation water with a low utilization rate of irrigation water resources. (3) Pollutants, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $-N), and total nitrogen (TN), originated within the Hetao Irrigation District, with the autumn irrigation period posing the highest risk for non-point source pollution. (4) Agricultural activities were a major source of nitrogen pollution, with nitrogen seeping into the soil, migrating to shallow ground, and ultimately draining into water bodies. (5) Factors such as irrigation systems, on-farm drainage processes, and external drainage processes significantly affected farmland drainage pollution. Considering the specific characteristics of farmland drainage pollution, generation/discharge pathways, and key influencing factors in the Hetao Irrigation District, it was recommended to establish a comprehensive management model tailored to local conditions, which could be achieved through regulating source water, optimizing drainage ditches, and intercepting ecosystem process to improve the water environment in the Wuliangsuhai Basin.
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