Occurrence and removal effect of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in each operating unit of typical wastewater treatment processes
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摘要:
全氟化合物（PFAS）是我国重点管控的新污染物，污水处理厂是其进入水体的重要节点，当前污水处理厂的工艺多为提标改造后的综合工艺，各工艺去除PFAS的效果不一。为探究当前不同污水处理工艺对PFAS去除效果的影响，对北京市某污水处理厂的2种典型污水处理工艺（改进型A2O、改进型OD）各工序的PFAS浓度和组分特征进行了分析，并探讨PFAS去除机制。结果表明：1）该污水处理厂纳管范围内短链替代效应已经显现，2种典型污水处理工艺进水中主要PFAS均为短链PFAS的全氟戊烷羧酸（PFPeA）、全氟丁烷羧酸（PFBA）和全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）；2）生化处理单元、紫外消毒池导致的PFAS前体物分解，格栅、MBR池、沉淀池等对PFAS的拦截滤除、吸附及沉淀作用是2种典型污水处理工艺中PFAS赋存特征变化的重要机制；3）改进型A2O、改进型OD工艺对总PFAS的去除率分别为60.65%、82.62%，前者对PFPeA和PFBS去除效果突出，后者对除全氟己烷羧酸（PFHxA）以外的所有短链PFAS均有较好的去除效果。污水处理工艺提标改造后在一定程度上对部分PFAS的去除效果有所提高，尤其是改进型OD工艺对PFAS的去除效果较好。
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关键词:
- 污水处理厂 /
- 处理工艺 /
- 工序 /
- 全氟化合物（PFAS） /
- 去除效果
Abstract:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are new pollutants under key control in China, and wastewater treatment plants are important nodes for their entry into water bodies. Most of the current wastewater treatment plant processes are integrated after upgrading, and the removal effects of PFAS by each process are different. In order to explore the removal effect of the current typical upgraded wastewater treatment processes on PFAS, the characteristics and concentration of PFAS components in each operating unit of the improved A2O and improved OD processes in a sewage treatment plant in Beijing were analyzed, the contribution of different units to the removal of PFAS components was studied, and the effect and mechanism of the removal of PFAS by the two processes were discussed. The results showed that: (1) The short-chain substitution effect had emerged within the scope of the treatment plant, and the main PFAS in the influent of the two typical wastewater treatment processes were perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). (2) The decomposition of PFAS precursors caused by biochemical treatment units and ultraviolet disinfection tanks, and the interception, filtration, adsorption and precipitation of PFAS by grates, MBR tanks and sedimentation tanks were important mechanisms for the change of PFAS occurrence characteristics in the two typical wastewater treatment processes. (3) The overall removal efficiency of total PFAS concentration by improved A2O and OD processes was 60.65% and 82.62%, respectively. The former had a prominent removal effect on PFPeA and PFBS, while the latter had a good removal effect on all short-chain PFAS except perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). The upgrading of the wastewater treatment processes has improved the removal effect of some PFAS to a certain extent, and especially the improved OD process has a better removal effect on PFAS.
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图 1 污水处理厂工艺流程及采样点
注：▲表示水样采集点。
Figure 1. Process flow chart and sampling point of sewage treatment plant
图 2 不同工艺进水中PFAS组分占比
Figure 2. Proportion of PFAS components in influent of different processes
图 3 预处理单元中PFAS的组成与浓度
Figure 3. Concentration and composition of PFAS in pretreatment unit
图 4 生化处理单元中PFAS的组成与浓度
Figure 4. Concentration and composition of PFAS in biochemical treatment unit
图 5 不同工艺出水中PFAS组分占比
Figure 5. Proportion of PFAS components in effluent from different processes
图 6 2种污水处理工艺对各PFAS的去除效果
Figure 6. Removal effect of two sewage treatment processes on various PFAS
表 1 污水中PFAS的方法检测限和定量限
Table 1. Limit of determination (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of PFAS for wastewater
类别 链长 物质 回收率/% 浓度/（ng/L） 检测限（LOD） 定量限（LOQ） 全氟烷基
羧酸类
（PFCAs）短链 PFBA 100.9±9.5 0.25 1.25 PFPeA 91.3±12.0 0.13 0.38 PFHxA 106.2±3.7 0.05 0.18 PFHpA 123.6±14.2 0.08 0.25 长链 PFOA 118.7±10.7 0.03 0.13 PFNA 116.3±4.7 0.03 0.13 PFDA 116.1±4.3 0.05 0.18 PFUnDA 100.8±12.6 0.10 0.25 PFDoDA 109.8±8.2 0.05 0.15 全氟烷基
磺酸类
（PFSAs）短链 PFBS 111.2±4.8 0.05 0.13 PFHxS 117.3±10.2 0.05 0.10 长链 PFOS 115.9±10.5 0.05 0.13 
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