Evaluation of the carbon footprint of watermelon fertilization regimes in young orchards
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摘要:
近些年我国长江中下游地区果园套种西瓜的种植模式受到广泛关注。为探讨果园套种西瓜在不同施肥模式下的碳排放，于湖南省伊塘镇的幼龄桔园开展田间试验，设置西瓜不施肥（CK）、常规单施化肥（NPK）和有机无机配施（NPKM）模式，探讨3种施肥模式下幼龄果园套种西瓜的产量和净收益差异，并利用生命周期评价方法定量分析西瓜生产生命周期碳足迹，筛选不同施肥模式下对碳排放贡献最大的农业生产要素。结果表明：与CK相比，施肥显著增加了西瓜产量和温室气体排放量，且NPK和NPKM净收益分别增加176.9%和185.2%。CK、NPK和NPKM的总碳排放量分别为1 897.19、20 682.54和19 889.19 kg/hm2（以CO2当量计），其中化肥等农资从原料开采到成品产出的生产阶段产生的温室气体是西瓜生命周期碳排放的主要来源。与NPK相比，NPKM的单位面积碳足迹、单位产量碳足迹和单位净收益碳足迹分别降低30.4%、28.8%和32.4%。碳排放贡献分析结果表明，化肥生产是NPK（78.2%）和NPKM（42.9%）碳足迹的主要贡献因子。综上所述，结合碳足迹和经济效益分析，在幼龄果园套种西瓜的种植模式下，有机无机配施的施肥管理模式优于不施肥和单施化肥，同时明确肥料生产技术是制约我国长江中下游地区西瓜生产低碳减排的关键因素之一。
Abstract:In recent years, the planting mode of intercropping watermelon in orchards in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China has garnered significant attention. In order to investigate the carbon emission of interplanting watermelon in orchards under different fertilization modes, the study was conducted in a young citrus orchard located at Yitang Town, Hunan Province, three treatments were considered: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), and chemical fertilizer combined with manure (NPKM). It analyzed the difference in the yields and net benefits of intercropping watermelon in the young orchard under the three fertilization regimes. The life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the carbon footprint of the watermelon production system, and to identify the agricultural factors with the highest contribution to carbon emissions under different fertilization regimes. The results showed that compared with CK, the application of the fertilizer significantly increased watermelon yield and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the net benefit of NPK and NPKM increased by 176.9% and 185.2%, respectively. The total carbon emissions were 1 897.19, 20 682.54 and 19 889.19 kg/hm2 (CO2-eq) for CK, NPK and NPKM, respectively. The production stage of agricultural inputs (e.g. fertilizers) was the main contributor to GHG emissions in the life cycle of watermelon, starting from raw materials to final products. Compared with NPK, the carbon footprint per unit area, per unit yield, and per unit net benefit under NPKM reduced by 30.4%, 28.8% and 32.4%, respectively. The contribution analysis showed that fertilizer production was the primary factor contributing to the carbon footprint of NPK (78.2%) and NPKM (42.9%). In conclusion, considering the carbon footprint and economic benefit, NPKM was better than CK and NPK in intercropping watermelon in young orchards. Also, this study indicated that the fertilizer production technology was one of the key factors restricting the low-carbon emission reduction of watermelon production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin in China.
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图 1 果园下套种西瓜生产的碳足迹系统边界
Figure 1. System boundary for calculating carbon footprint of interplanting watermelon in orchards
图 2 果园套种西瓜不同施肥模式的碳足迹构成
Figure 2. Composition of carbon footprint in different fertilization regimes for intercropping watermelon in orchards
图 3 3种施肥模式下西瓜生产各类投入的碳排放贡献
Figure 3. Carbon emission contribution rates of various inputs in three fertilization regimes for watermelon production
表 1 西瓜生产农业资料投入清单
Table 1. List of agricultural input materials of watermelon production
类别 项目 处理 CK NPK NPKM 肥料/（kg/hm2） 化肥 0.00 2117.25 1125.00 有机肥 0.00 0.00 33750.00 农药/（kg/hm2） 除草剂 36.00 36.00 36.00 杀菌剂 9.00 9.00 9.00 杀虫剂 2.40 2.40 2.40 电力/（kW·h/hm2） 灌溉用电 1 050.00 1 050.00 1 050.00 农用机械/（L/hm2） 柴油 15.00 15.00 15.00 汽油 72.00 72.00 72.00 滴灌设备/ （m/hm2） 主管 312.50 312.50 312.50 支管 140.60 140.60 140.60 滴灌带 375.00 375.00 375.00 农膜 /（kg/hm2） 农用地膜 46.90 46.90 46.90 注：滴灌设备按使用寿命折算1年的用量。 
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表 2 西瓜生产过程中生产资料的温室气体排放系数
Table 2. Greenhouse gas emission coefficients of agricultural materials in watermelon production
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表 3 不同施肥模式下西瓜生产过程中要素投入与产出
Table 3. Input and output in watermelon production of different fertilization regimes
处理 西瓜产量/
(kg/hm2)农资投入费用/(元/hm2) 田间管理费用/
(元/hm2)经济产出/(元/hm2) 肥料 地膜 秧苗1) 农药 滴灌2) 产值3) 净收益 CK 14065.50 0.00 600.00 3750.00 1650.00 2700.00 300.00 16878.60 7878.60 NPK 29574.75 10586.25 600.00 3750.00 1650.00 2700 .00300.00 41404.65 21818.40 NPKM 28906.50 9000.00 600.00 3750.00 1650.00 2700.00 300.00 40469.10 22469.10 1) 秧苗2元/株，补苗率按5%计；2) 滴灌设备按使用寿命5年折算1年的费用；3) CK西瓜个头小，收购价为1.20元/kg，NPK和NPKM西瓜收购价为1.40元/kg。
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表 4 3种施肥模式的碳足迹
Table 4. Carbon footprint of three fertilization regimes
处理 CFA/(kg/hm2) CFY/(kg/kg) CFV/(kg/元) CK −632.81 −0.04 −0.08 NPK 18 152.54 0.61 0.83 NPKM 12 631.94 0.44 0.56
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