Effects of crop patterns and straw management on greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields
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摘要:
在浙江省嘉善县选取1.3 hm2稻田，设置节水旱管+秸秆还田/不还田与普通淹灌+秸秆还田/不还田2种种植模式4个处理组（以下简称节水还田、节水不还田、普通还田、普通不还田），采用静态箱-气相色谱法获取28批次336个稻田甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放数据，同时结合土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）等6个环境因子12个样品分析结果，探究种植模式协同秸秆管理对稻田温室气体排放特征的影响。结果显示：1）CH4累计排放量依次为普通还田>普通不还田>节水还田>节水不还田，N2O累计排放量为普通还田>节水不还田>节水还田>普通不还田。全球增温潜势（GWP）与温室气体排放强度（GHGI），普通还田最高，分别为7 696.03 kg/hm2（以CO2计，全文同）、0.97 kg/kg；节水不还田最低，分别为2 110.12 kg/hm2、0.21 kg/kg。2）最小显著差异法分析结果表明，各处理组之间CH4累计排放量存在显著差异。据Pearson相关性分析结果，CH4累计排放量与POC含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），与微生物碳含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）；N2O累计排放量则与硝态氮（${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N）含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05），GWP、GHGI与POC含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。3）种植模式与秸秆管理均对CH4累计排放量有极显著影响（P<0.01），二者交互作用对CH4累计排放量、N2O累计排放量有显著影响（P<0.05）。研究表明，水稻节水旱管种植协同秸秆还田措施是一种气候友好型的高产经济种植模式，既可保证粮食安全，降低秸秆离田成本，对于减缓全球温室效应也具有积极作用。
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关键词:
- 节水旱管 /
- 秸秆还田 /
- 稻田温室气体 /
- 全球增温潜势（GWP） /
- 温室气体排放强度（GHGI）
Abstract:A 1.3 hm2 paddy field was selected in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province, and four treatment groups, briefly referred to as water-saving irrigation, water-saving non-returning, ordinary returning, and ordinary non-returning, were set up with two planting modes, namely water-saving drought pipe + straw returning/non-returning and ordinary inundation irrigation + straw returning/non-returning. The methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission data from 336 rice fields in 28 batches obtained by static box gas chromatography, in combination with the analysis results of 12 samples of 6 environmental factors, including soil particulate organic carbon (POC), were used to explore the influence of planting mode and straw management on greenhouse gas emission characteristics of rice fields. The results showed as follows: (1) The cumulative CH4 emissions were in the order of ordinary returning > ordinary non-returning > water-saving returning > water-saving non-returning, and the cumulative N2O emissions were in the order of ordinary returning > water-saving non-returning > water-saving returning > ordinary non-returning. The global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) of ordinary returning group were the highest, being 7 696.03 kg/hm2 (calculated as CO2) and 0.97 kg/kg, and those of water-saving non-returning group were the lowest, being 2 110.12 kg/hm2 and 0.21 kg/kg, respectively. (2) The analysis results of the least significant difference method showed significant differences in cumulative CH4 emissions among the treatment groups. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the cumulative CH4 emission was extremely significantly positively correlated with POC content (P <0.01) and significantly positively correlated with microbial carbon content (P <0.05). The cumulative emission of N2O was significantly positively correlated with ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N content (P <0.05), and GWP and GHGI were extremely significantly positively correlated with POC content (P <0.01). (3) Both planting mode and straw management had extremely significant effects on CH4 cumulative emissions (P <0.01), and their interaction had significant effects on CH4 cumulative emissions and N2O cumulative emissions (P <0.05). The research shows that rice water-saving and drought-tube planting combined with straw returning is a climate-friendly high-yield and economic planting model, which can ensure food security, reduce the cost of straw leaving the field, and play a positive role in slowing down the global greenhouse effect.
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图 1 试验期间降水量和日平均气温的变化
Figure 1. Changes of rainfall and daily mean temperature during the experiment
图 3 不同处理下土壤CH4、N2O的排放通量和累计排放量
注：相同字母表示差异不显著，不同字母表示具有显著性差异，其中标签ab表示与a和b均无显著性差异。全文同。
Figure 3. Emission fluxes and cumulative emissions of CH4 and N2O in soil under different treatments
图 4 不同处理下土壤环境因子含量及pH
Figure 4. Contents of soil environmental factors and pH under different treatments
图 5 温室气体排放和土壤环境因子的相关性
注：*表示显著相关（ P <0.05），**表示极显著相关（ P <0.01）。
Figure 5. Correlation between greenhouse gas emissions and soil environmental factors
表 1 不同处理下温室气体排放与水稻产量的描述性统计特征
Table 1. Descriptive statistical characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions and rice yield under different treatments
处理 CH4累计排放量/（kg/hm2） N2O累计排放量/（kg/hm2） 产量/（kg/hm2） GWP/（kg/hm2） GHGI/ （kg/kg） 节水还田 48.39±4.47c 6.20±0.99ab 9 121.50±237.92b 2 999.60±389.62bc 0.33±0.05bc 节水不还田 9.82±0.39d 6.76±1.10ab 10 048.71±188.67a 2 110.12±291.15c 0.21±0.04c 普通还田 207.84±12.04a 7.63±0.94a 7 907.62±93.32c 7 696.03±580.64a 0.97±0.07a 普通不还田 100.33±9.30b 4.34±0.47b 8 454.96±386.70bc 3 894.14±380.44b 0.46±0.04b 
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表 2 不同处理水稻产量构成因素
Table 2. Factors of rice yield under different treatments
处理 有效穗数/（104/hm2） 穗粒数/粒 结实率/% 千粒重/g 节水还田 298.37±5.47b 127.79±2.71b 92.65±0.71a 25.80±1.15a 节水不还田 335.59±13.88a 139.56±2.52a 82.36±0.84b 25.80±0.58a 普通还田 282.14±3.46b 119.15±0.72b 91.18±0.59a 25.80±0.87a 普通不还田 286.14±1.15b 123.05±3.55b 92.97±1.20a 25.80±0.46a 注：同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。全文同。
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表 3 不同处理下温室气体排放与水稻产量对种植模式与秸秆管理的响应
Table 3. Responses of greenhouse gas emissions and rice yield to planting patterns and straw management under different treatments
处理 CH4累计排放量 N2O累计排放量 产量 GWP GHGI 种植模式 99.30** 0.29ns 29.29** 50.74** 81.77** 秸秆管理 33.91** 2.27ns 7.63* 25.63** 40.24** 种植模式 × 秸秆管理 7.56* 4.50* 0.44ns 13.66* 15.85** 注：*表示显著影响（P<0.05），**表示极显著影响（P<0.01），ns表示无显著影响。
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