Current status and prospects of soil health research in China
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摘要:
土壤健康是陆地生态系统稳定与健康的基础，合理评价土壤健康状况直接关系到农业生产的可持续性、生态环境的稳定以及人类健康。近年来，关于土壤健康的科学研究越来越成为国内土壤科学研究领域的核心热点，但由于生态系统类型的多样性、空间尺度的广泛性、土地利用方式及农业结构的差异性以及土壤生态系统功能的复杂性，科学、精准地评价土壤健康状况面临诸多挑战。在总结土壤健康的内涵与发展的基础上，重点阐述了目前国内外主流土壤健康评价方法，包括基于土壤健康评价基准的方法、康奈尔方法、基于土壤功能的方法、我国耕地质量（土壤健康）评价方法、机器学习和分析诊断的土壤健康评价方法；在此基础上，初步构建了适合我国国情的土壤健康评价框架和通用流程，系统阐述了土壤健康评价结果的应用并深入解析我国土壤健康评价当前存在的问题，提出了未来土壤健康的研究展望，特别强调了多目标协同评价体系的构建、跨生态系统与空间尺度的适应性评价方法的创新以及健康土壤培育技术的研发与应用，以期高质量推进土壤健康研究，从而保护和改善土壤资源，支持农业生产，维护生态环境健康。
Abstract:Soil health is the foundation of the stability and health of terrestrial ecosystems, and a reasonable evaluation of soil health is directly related to the sustainability of agricultural production, the stability of ecological environment, and human health. In recent years, soil health research has increasingly become a core hotspot in the field of soil science research both at home and abroad. However, due to the diversity of ecosystem types, the extensiveness of spatial scales, the differences in land use patterns and agricultural structures, as well as the complexity of soil ecosystem functions, it poses great challenges to scientifically and accurately evaluate soil health. On the basis of summarizing the concept and development of soil health, this paper focuses on the mainstream soil health evaluation methods both at home and abroad, including methods based on soil health evaluation benchmarks, the Cornell method, soil functions-based methods, China's arable land quality (soil health) evaluation methods, and methods using machine learning and analytical diagnosis. On this basis, we preliminarily construct a soil health evaluation framework and general process suitable for China's national conditions, systematically elaborate on the application of soil health evaluation results, and the current soil health evaluation problems in China. Finally, we propose future research prospects for soil health, especially emphasizing the construction of a multi-objective collaborative evaluation system, innovation in adaptive evaluation methods across ecosystems and spatial scales, and the research and application of healthy soil cultivation technologies. These efforts aim to promote high-quality soil health research, thereby protecting and improving soil resources, supporting agricultural production, and maintaining environmental health.
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Key words:
- soil health /
- evaluation indicators /
- evaluation methods /
- evaluation process /
- soil functions
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表 1 康奈尔土壤健康评价方法指标体系
Table 1. The Cornell indicator system of a comprehensive assessment of soil health
指标类型 调整前土壤健康指标 调整后土壤健康指标 物理指标 土壤质地 土壤质地 团聚体稳定性
(团聚体0.25~2.00 mm)团聚体稳定性
(团聚体0.25~2.00 mm)有效含水量 有效含水量 土壤表层硬度 土壤表层硬度 土壤次表层硬度 土壤次表层硬度 生物指标 有机质含量 有机质含量 活性炭含量 活性炭含量 潜在可矿化氮 土壤蛋白含量 根系健康等级 土壤呼吸 化学指标 pH pH 可提取磷 可提取磷 可提取钾 可提取钾 微量元素 微量元素（镁、铁、锰、锌） 
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表 2 土壤健康总分与土壤健康等级转换
Table 2. Soil health index and soil health grade transformation
土壤健康总分 土壤健康等级 0~20 很低 20~40 低 40~60 中等 60~80 高 80~100 很高
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表 3 基于土壤功能的土壤健康评价指标体系——欧盟LANDMARK项目Soil Navigator农田管理决策系统
Table 3. A soil health evaluation index system based on soil function: EU LANDMARK Project "Soil Navigator" Farmland Management Decision System
土壤功能 指标 初级生产力 降水量、温度、海拔、坡度、土壤容重、有机质含量、土壤碳氮比、土壤黏粒占比、土壤pH、土壤CEC、土壤盐度、矿物组成、钾含量、磷含量、镁含量、根系深度、地下水埋深、作物轮作种类、灌溉量、有机氮肥量、载畜量、豆科作物占比 水的净化与调节 年降水量、雨季降水量、作物季降水量、土壤质地、有机质含量、土壤容重、有效磷含量、土壤结皮、地下水埋深、土壤排水或导水率、人工排水量、根系深度、灌溉量、灌溉类型、灌溉频率、无机氮肥量、有机氮肥量、作物吸氮量、无机磷肥量、有机磷肥量、碳输入、覆盖作物、间作作物类型和方式、作物类型、秸秆管理、载畜量 生物多样性维持 年平均温度、年降水量、土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤有机层厚度、土壤容重、土壤碳氮比、土壤氮磷比、土壤质地、细菌生物量、真菌生物量、线虫丰度、土壤微节肢动物丰度、蚯蚓丰度、线蚓丰度、作物轮作种类、间作作物、灌溉量、无机氮肥量、有机肥类别、耕作方式、施石灰量、化学杀虫管理、地下水埋深、人工排水量 养分供给与循环 年降水量、生长季首月降水量、生长季首月均温、日均温>5 ℃天数、土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤容重、有效磷含量、土壤质地、地下水埋深、无机氮肥量、有机肥施用、覆盖作物、豆科作物占比、秸秆管理、灌溉量、土壤排水量、人工排水量、农作物歉收风险 气候调节与碳固持 年降水量、年平均温度、土壤类型、草地占比、泥炭地排水、有机质含量、土壤质地、碳输入、有机氮肥量、无机氮肥量、间作作物类型和方式、覆盖作物、秸秆管理、净初级生产力、灌溉量、土壤排水量、人工排水量、耕作方式、硝化抑制剂施用量
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表 4 我国耕地质量评价指标体系[13]
Table 4. The indicator system for the assessment of cultivated land quality in China
类别 指标 气候条件 积温、降水量、全年日照时数、光能辐射总量、无霜期、干燥度 立地条件 经纬度、海拔、地形地貌、地形部位、坡度、坡向、成土母质、土壤侵蚀类型与程度、 林地覆盖率、地面破碎度、地表岩石裸露情况、地表砾石度、田面坡度 剖面性状 剖面构型、质地构型、有效土层厚度、耕层厚度、腐殖层厚度、田间持水量、旱季地下水位、潜水埋深、水型 土壤理化性状 土壤质地、土壤容重、土壤pH、土壤CEC 土壤养分 有机质含量、全氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量 潜在障碍因素 障碍层类型、障碍层出现位置、障碍层厚度、耕层含盐量（盐渍化程度）、1 m土层含盐量、盐化类型、地下水矿化度 土壤管理策略 灌溉保证率（灌溉能力）、灌溉模数、抗旱能力、排涝能力、排涝模数、轮作制度、梯田化水平
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