Abstract: Cyanobacterial bloom causes serious ecological disasters and health hazards and as well as has become a global environmental problem. There is an association between increased incidence of various digestive tract tumor and cyanobacterial toxins produced by occurrence of cyanobacteria bloom and its toxicological effects and health risk have become a focus of academic research. The toxicological effects of cyanobacterial cell extract are different from pure microcystin. The study on toxicological effects of cyanobacterial cell extract on muridae can provide the theoretical basis for the health risks assessment of cyanobacterial bloom. The toxicological effects of cyanobacterial cell extract on cell apoptosis, the damage of the antioxidant enzyme defense system of muridae, the genetic toxicity and cancer promotion or carcinogenesis of cyanobacterial cell extracts to muridae were sumed up and these studies also are current hot and difficult problems.